1. Intangiriro
Gukusanya ingufu za radiyo (RF) (RFEH) no kohereza ingufu zidafite imirasire (WPT) byakuruye abantu benshi nk'uburyo bwo kugera ku miyoboro irambye idakoresha batiri. Rectenas ni inkingi ya sisitemu ya WPT na RFEH kandi zigira ingaruka zikomeye ku ngufu za DC zitangwa ku mutwaro. Ibintu bya antene bya rectena bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku mikorere myiza yo gusarura, bishobora guhindura imbaraga zasaruwe ku buryo butandukanye. Iyi nyandiko isuzuma imiterere ya antene ikoreshwa muri WPT na porogaramu za RFEH. Rectenas zatangajwe zishyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe ibipimo bibiri by'ingenzi: bandwidth ya impedance ikosora antene n'imiterere ya antene. Kuri buri gipimo, ishusho y'ireme (FoM) ku bikorwa bitandukanye iragenwa kandi igasuzumwa ugereranije.
WPT yatanzwe na Tesla mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20 nk'uburyo bwo kohereza ibihumbi by'amafarashi y'imbaraga. Ijambo rectenna, risobanura antene ihujwe n'icyuma gikosora ingufu kugira ngo gikusanye ingufu za RF, ryavutse mu myaka ya 1950 mu bijyanye no kohereza ingufu za mikoroonde zo mu kirere no mu gukoresha indege zitagira abapilote. WPT y'uburebure, igenzurwa n'imiterere y'umwuka (umwuka). Kubwibyo, WPT y'ubucuruzi igarukira ahanini ku kohereza ingufu zitagira imirasire hafi y'aho umuntu atuye mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga rikoresha insinga cyangwa RFID.
Uko ingufu zikoreshwa mu bikoresho bya semiconductor na sensor nodes zitagira umugozi zikomeza kugabanuka, bigenda birushaho kuba byoroshye gukoresha sensor nodes zikoresha RFEH cyangwa gukoresha transmitters zikoresha imbaraga nke. Sisitemu z'amashanyarazi zidafite umugozi zikoresha imbaraga nke cyane akenshi zigizwe na RF acquisition front end, DC power and memory management, na microprocessor na transceiver bifite imbaraga nke.
Ishusho ya 1 igaragaza imiterere ya node ya RFEH idafite umugozi hamwe n'ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya RF rikunze kuvugwa. Imikorere myiza ya sisitemu y'amashanyarazi idafite umugozi kuva ku mpera kugeza ku mpera ndetse n'imiterere y'umuyoboro w'amakuru n'ihererekanya ry'amashanyarazi bihuza biterwa n'imikorere y'ibice bimwe na bimwe, nka antene, rectifiers, na circuits zo gucunga ingufu. Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bw'inyandiko bwakozwe ku bice bitandukanye bya sisitemu. Imbonerahamwe ya 1 igaragaza muri make intambwe yo guhindura ingufu, ibice by'ingenzi byo guhindura ingufu neza, n'ubushakashatsi bw'inyandiko zijyanye nabyo kuri buri gice. Ubushakashatsi buherutse kwibanda ku ikoranabuhanga ryo guhindura ingufu, imiterere y'ivugurura, cyangwa RFEH isanzwe ikoreshwa n'umuyoboro.
Igishushanyo cya 1
Ariko, igishushanyo mbonera cya antene ntigifatwa nk'ikintu cy'ingenzi muri RFEH. Nubwo hari inyandiko zimwe na zimwe zisuzuma uburyo antene zigenda n'imikorere yayo muri rusange cyangwa mu buryo bwihariye bwo gushushanya antene, nka antene ntoya cyangwa zishobora kwambarwa, ingaruka za bimwe mu bipimo bya antene ku kwakira ingufu no guhindura imikorere ntizisesengurwa mu buryo burambuye.
Iyi nyandiko isuzuma uburyo bwo gushushanya antene muri rectenna hagamijwe gutandukanya imbogamizi zihariye zo gushushanya antene za RFEH na WPT n'imiterere isanzwe ya antene z'itumanaho. Antene zigereranywa mu buryo bubiri: guhuza impedance kuva ku mpera kugeza ku mpera n'imiterere y'imirasire; muri buri kibazo, FoM iramenyekana kandi igasuzumwa muri antene zigezweho (SoA).
2. Ubugari bw'umuyoboro n'uburyo bwo guhuza: Imiyoboro ya RF itari 50Ω
Impedance iranga 50Ω ni ukwita ku ikubitiro ry’ihindagurika riri hagati yo kugabanya ingufu n’ingufu mu bikorwa bya mikoroonde. Muri antene, bandwidth ya impedance isobanurwa nk'uruhererekane rw'ingufu aho imbaraga zigaragara ziri munsi ya 10% (S11< − 10 dB). Kubera ko amplifiers z'urusaku ruri hasi (LNAs), amplifiers z'imbaraga, na detectors akenshi byakozwe bifite impedance ihuye na 50Ω, isoko ya 50Ω isanzwe ikoreshwa.
Muri rectena, umusaruro w'antene ushyirwa mu cyuma gihindura imiterere y'amashanyarazi, kandi kuba diode idakora neza bitera ihinduka rikomeye mu buryo bwo kwinjira, aho igice cya capacitive ari cyo cyiganje. Dufashe antene ya 50Ω, ikibazo gikomeye ni ugukora umuyoboro w'inyongera uhuza RF kugira ngo uhindure impedance y'injira ibe impedance y'imashini ihindura imiterere y'amashanyarazi ku buryo bwo kuyihindura ku rugero rw'imbaraga runaka. Muri iki gihe, umuyoboro w'impedance uva ku mpera kugeza ku mpera urakenewe kugira ngo RF ihindurwe neza na DC. Kubwibyo, nubwo antene zishobora kugera ku muyoboro w'impedance utagira iherezo cyangwa mwinshi cyane hakoreshejwe ibintu bipima cyangwa geometry yiyongera, umuyoboro w'impedance uhuza imiterere y'amashanyarazi uzahagarikwa n'umuyoboro uhuza imiterere y'amashanyarazi.
Hatanzwe imiterere myinshi ya rectena kugira ngo haboneke uburyo bwo gukusanya imirasire y’izuba rimwe n’iy’izuba ryinshi cyangwa WPT binyuze mu kugabanya uburyo bwo kugarura urumuri no kongerera imbaraga hagati ya antene na rectifier. Ishusho ya 2 igaragaza imiterere ya rectena yavuzwe, ishyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe imiterere yazo ihuza impedance. Imbonerahamwe ya 2 igaragaza ingero za rectena zikora neza ugereranyije n’uburyo bwo gukusanya imirasire y’izuba kuva ku mpera kugeza ku mpera (muri uru rubanza, FoM) kuri buri cyiciro.
Ishusho ya 2 Imiterere ya Rectena ukurikije uburyo bandwidth na impedance bihuye. (a) Rectena y'umugozi umwe ifite antene isanzwe. (b) Rectena y'umugozi umwe (igizwe na antene nyinshi zifatanye) hamwe n'umuyoboro umwe uhuza kuri buri mugozi. (c) Rectena y'umugozi umwe ifite imiyoboro myinshi ya RF hamwe n'imiyoboro itandukanye ihuza buri mugozi. (d) Rectena y'umugozi umwe ifite antene ya broadband hamwe n'umugozi uhuza broadband. (e) Rectena y'umugozi umwe ikoresha antene nto y'amashanyarazi ihuye neza n'umuyoboro uhuza. (f) Antene y'umugozi umwe, nini y'amashanyarazi ifite impedance ikomeye yo guhuza n'umuyoboro uhuza. (g) Rectena y'umugozi umwe ifite impedance ikomeye yo guhuza n'umuyoboro uhuza ku bwinshi bw'imirongo.
Nubwo WPT na RFEH ituruka ku miyoboro yihariye ari porogaramu zitandukanye za rectenna, kugera ku guhuza hagati ya antene, rectifier na load ni ingenzi kugira ngo ugere ku musaruro mwiza wo guhindura imbaraga (PCE) ukurikije uburyo bwa bandwidth. Nyamara, WPT rectenna zibanda cyane ku kugera ku miyoboro myiza y’ibintu (S11 yo hasi) kugira ngo zinoze PCE imwe ku rwego rumwe rw’ingufu (topology a, e na f). Ubunini bwa WPT imwe butuma sisitemu idakora neza, inenge mu gukora ndetse n’ibihumanya ibidukikije. Ku rundi ruhande, RFEH rectennas ishyira imbere imikorere ya multi-band kandi ikaba iya topology bd na g, kuko ubucucike bwa power spectral (PSD) bw’umuyoboro umwe muri rusange buba buri hasi.
3. Igishushanyo mbonera cya antene y'urukiramende
1. Rectenna ifite intera imwe
Igishushanyo mbonera cya antene ya rectenna ifite umurongo umwe (topology A) gishingiye ahanini ku gishushanyo mbonera cya antene gisanzwe, nka polarization ya linear (LP) cyangwa polarization circular (CP) irabagirana ku butaka, antene ya dipole na antene ya F inverted. Rectenna y'umugozi utandukanye ishingiye ku buryo DC ihuza ibintu byinshi cyangwa DC na RF bivanze bya patch units nyinshi.
Kubera ko antene nyinshi zitangwa ari antene zifite umurongo umwe kandi zujuje ibisabwa na WPT ifite umurongo umwe, iyo ushaka RFEH ifite umurongo umwe w’amashanyarazi, antene nyinshi zifite umurongo umwe w’amashanyarazi zihuzwa mu matsinda menshi ya rectenna (topology B) hamwe no guhonyora hamwe no guhuza DC byigenga nyuma y’umurongo wo gucunga ingufu kugira ngo zitandukane burundu n’umurongo wo gufata no guhindura RF. Ibi bisaba imiyoboro myinshi yo gucunga ingufu kuri buri muyoboro, ibi bishobora kugabanya ubushobozi bwa converter ya boost kuko imbaraga za DC z’umuyoboro umwe ari nke.
2. Antene za RFEH zifite imiyoboro myinshi n'umuyoboro wa interineti
RFEH y’ibidukikije ikunze kujyana no kubona imiyoboro myinshi; bityo, hatanzwe uburyo butandukanye bwo kunoza uburebure bw’imirongo isanzwe ya antene n’uburyo bwo gukora imiyoboro ibiri ya antene. Muri iki gice, turasuzuma imiterere ya antene yihariye ya RFEH, ndetse na antene za kera za multi-band zishobora gukoreshwa nka rectenna.
Antene za Coplanar waveguide (CPW) monopole zigira ubuso buke ugereranyije na antene za microstrip patch kuri frequency imwe kandi zigatanga waves za LP cyangwa CP, kandi zikunze gukoreshwa kuri rectenna z’ibidukikije za broadband. Reflection planes zikoreshwa mu kongera kwitandukanya no kongera kwiyongera, bigatuma habaho imirasire isa na antene za patch. Antene za Slotted coplanar waveguide zikoreshwa mu kunoza bandwidth za impedance kuri bands nyinshi za frequency, nka 1.8–2.7 GHz cyangwa 1–3 GHz. Antene za Coplanar slot na antene za patch nazo zikunze gukoreshwa mu miterere ya rectenna ya multi-band. Ishusho ya 3 igaragaza antene zimwe zavuzwe za multi-band zikoresha tekiniki zirenze imwe zo kunoza bandwidth.
Igishushanyo cya 3
Guhuza impedance ya antena na rectifier
Guhuza antene ya 50Ω na rectifier idahuza umurongo ni ikibazo kuko impedance yayo yo kwinjira iratandukanye cyane bitewe n'inshuro. Muri topology A na B (Ishusho ya 2), umuyoboro uhuza usanzwe ni LC match ikoresheje ibintu bivanze; icyakora, bandwidth isanzwe iba iri hasi ugereranyije n'izindi bands nyinshi z'itumanaho. Guhuza stub ya single-band bikunze gukoreshwa muri mikoroonde na millimeter-wave bands ziri munsi ya 6 GHz, kandi millimeter-wave rectennas zavuzwe zifite bandwidth ntoya kuko bandwidth yazo ya PCE igoranye no gufunga harmonic output, ibi bigatuma ziba zikwiriye cyane porogaramu za WPT ya single-band muri band idafite uruhushya ya 24 GHz.
Rectenas muri topology C na D zifite imiyoboro igoye cyane yo guhuza. Imiyoboro ihuza imirongo yose yatanzwe kugira ngo ihuze umurongo wa interineti, hamwe na RF block / DC short circuit (pass filter) ku cyambu cyo gusohora cyangwa capacitor ya DC blocking nk'inzira yo kugarura diode harmonics. Ibice bya rectifier bishobora gusimburwa na capacitors za printed circuit board (PCB) interdigitated, zikorwa hakoreshejwe ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga byo mu bucuruzi. Izindi miyoboro ihuza rectenas za internet zavuzwe zihuza ibintu bivanze kugira ngo bihuze n'imirongo yo hasi n'ibintu bikwirakwizwa kugira ngo bikore RF short ku kwinjira.
Guhindura uburyo bwo gufunga umurongo w’itumanaho ugaragara binyuze mu isoko (rizwi nka tekiniki yo gukurura isoko) byakoreshejwe mu gushushanya icyuma gihindura umurongo w’itumanaho gifite bandwidth ya 57% (1.25–2.25 GHz) na PCE iri hejuru ya 10% ugereranije n’imiyoboro ivanze cyangwa ikwirakwijwe. Nubwo imiyoboro ihuza isanzwe igenewe guhuza antene kuri bandwidth yose ya 50Ω, hari raporo mu nyandiko aho antene za interineti zahujwe na narrowband rectifiers.
Imiyoboro ihuza ibice bivanze n'ibitandukanye byakoreshejwe cyane muri topology C na D, aho inductors na capacitors by'uruhererekane ari byo bintu bikunze gukoreshwa cyane. Ibi birinda imiterere igoye nka capacitors zikoresha digitized, zisaba icyitegererezo n'ikorwa ry'ibintu neza kurusha imirongo isanzwe ya microstrip.
Imbaraga zo kwinjira kuri rectifier zigira ingaruka ku kubuza kwinjira bitewe n'uko diode idakora neza. Kubwibyo, rectenna yagenewe kongera PCE ku rwego runaka rw'ingufu zo kwinjira hamwe n'ibuza gutwara umutwaro. Kubera ko diode ahanini ari impedance nini ikoresha capacitive kuri frequencies iri munsi ya 3 GHz, rectenna za broadband zikuraho imiyoboro ihuza cyangwa zikagabanya imiyoboro yoroshye ihuza zashyizwe ku frequencies Prf>0 dBm no hejuru ya 1 GHz, kubera ko diode zifite impedance nke kandi zishobora guhuzwa neza na antene, bityo birinda imiterere ya antene zifite reactances >1,000Ω.
Guhuza impedance ihindagurika cyangwa ishobora guhindurwa byagaragaye muri rectenna za CMOS, aho umuyoboro uhuza ugizwe n'amabanki ya capacitor ari kuri chip na inductors. Imiyoboro ihuza CMOS idahindagurika nayo yatanzwe kuri antene zisanzwe za 50Ω ndetse na antene za loop zikozwe hamwe. Byatangajwe ko utwuma dupima imbaraga za CMOS tudakoreshejwe mu kugenzura switch ziyobora umuvuduko wa antene ku byuma bitandukanye bihindura imiterere n'imiyoboro ihuza bitewe n'imbaraga zihari. Umuyoboro uhuza ushobora guhindurwa ukoresheje capacitors zihindura imiterere watanzwe, uhindurwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gupima impedance yinjiye hakoreshejwe vector network analyzer. Mu miyoboro ihuza microstrip ishobora guhindurwa, switch transistor yakoreshejwe mu guhindura stubs zihuza kugira ngo hagerwe ku miterere y'imirongo ibiri.
Kugira ngo umenye byinshi kuri antene, sura:
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-09-2024
