Igishushanyo mbonera cya Antena-Rectifier
Ikiranga rectenna zikurikira topology ya EG ku Ishusho ya 2 ni uko antene ihuzwa neza na rectifier, aho kuba 50Ω standard, bisaba kugabanya cyangwa gukuraho circuit ihuye kugira ngo rectifier itange imbaraga. Iki gice gisuzuma ibyiza bya rectenna za SoA hamwe na antene zitari 50Ω na rectenna zidafite imiyoboro ihuye.
1. Antena nto zikoreshwa mu by'amashanyarazi
Antene za LC resonant ring zakoreshejwe cyane mu bikorwa aho ingano ya sisitemu ari ingenzi cyane. Ku murongo uri munsi ya 1 GHz, uburebure bw'umurambararo bushobora gutuma antene zisanzwe zikwirakwizwa zifata umwanya munini kuruta ingano rusange ya sisitemu, kandi porogaramu nka transceivers zuzuye zikoreshwa mu gushyiramo implants ku mubiri zungukira cyane cyane mu ikoreshwa rya antene nto zikoresha amashanyarazi kuri WPT.
Impedance nini ya antene nto (near resonance) ishobora gukoreshwa mu guhuza rectifier cyangwa hamwe n'umuyoboro w'inyongera uhuza capacitive capacitive. Antene ntoya z'amashanyarazi zagaragaye muri WPT hamwe na LP na CP munsi ya 1 GHz hakoreshejwe antene za Huygens dipole, hamwe na ka=0.645, mu gihe ka=5.91 muri dipole zisanzwe (ka=2πr/λ0).
2. Antene ihuza antene n'icyuma gitunganya umwuka
Impedance isanzwe y’injira rya diode irakomeye cyane, bityo antene ikora irakenewe kugira ngo habeho impedance ihuza. Bitewe n’impedance ikora ikoresheje chip, antene ikora ikoresheje impedance nyinshi zakoreshejwe cyane muri tagi za RFID. Antene za dipole ziherutse kuba ikinamico muri antene za RFID zikora impedance ikomeye, zigaragaza impedance nyinshi (resistance and reaction) hafi y’umuvuduko wazo wa resonant.
Antene za dipole zikoresha uburyo bwo gukurura umuvuduko mwinshi zakoreshejwe kugira ngo zihuze n'ubushobozi bwinshi bwa rectifier mu gice cy'amajwi ashimishije. Muri antene ya dipole ipfundikiwe, umurongo mugufi ubiri (dipole folding) ukora nk'impinduka, bigatuma imiterere ya antene ya impedance ikomeye cyane ikorwa. Ubundi buryo, bias feeding ni yo ituma habaho kongera impyiko ikoresha uburyo bwo gukurura umuvuduko ndetse n'impyiko nyayo. Guhuza ibintu byinshi bya dipole bipfundikiye hamwe n'uduti twa radial tudafite uburinganire birema antene ebyiri za interineti zikoresha uburyo bwo gukurura umuvuduko mwinshi. Ishusho ya 4 igaragaza antene zimwe na zimwe zavuzwe ko zihuza rectifier.
Ishusho ya 4
Imiterere y'imirasire muri RFEH na WPT
Muri model ya Friis, ingufu za PRX zakirwa na antene iri kure ya d uvuye kuri transmitter ni akazi kataziguye k'inyungu za receiver na transmitter (GRX, GTX).
Uburyo antene iyobora n'uburyo polarisation y'umurambararo w'urumuri bigira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku bunini bw'ingufu zituruka ku muraba w'impanuka. Imiterere y'imirasire ya antene ni ibipimo by'ingenzi bitandukanya RFEH yo mu kirere na WPT (Ishusho ya 5). Nubwo muri ubwo buryo bwombi, uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza bushobora kuba butazwi kandi ingaruka zabwo ku muraba wakiriwe zigomba kwitabwaho, ubumenyi bwa antene yohereza bushobora gukoreshwa. Imbonerahamwe ya 3 igaragaza ibipimo by'ingenzi bivugwa muri iki gice n'uko bikoreshwa kuri RFEH na WPT.
Igishushanyo cya 5
1. Ubuyobozi n'Inyungu
Mu bikorwa byinshi bya RFEH na WPT, bifatwa nk'aho icyuma gikusanya amakuru kitazi icyerekezo cy'imirasire y'impanuka kandi nta nzira yo kubona (LoS). Muri iki gikorwa, imiterere myinshi ya antene n'aho ishyirwa byakozweho ubushakashatsi kugira ngo hongerwe imbaraga zakirwa ziva ku isoko ritazwi, hatitawe ku buryo igice kinini cy'umuyoboro gihuza transmitter n'icyuma gifata amakuru.
Antene z’icyerekezo kimwe zakoreshejwe cyane muri rectenna za RFEH zishingiye ku bidukikije. Mu nyandiko, PSD irahinduka bitewe n’icyerekezo cya antene. Ariko, ihindagurika ry’imbaraga ntiryasobanuwe, bityo ntibishoboka kumenya niba iryo hinduka riterwa n’imiterere y’imirasire ya antene cyangwa se bitewe no kudahuza kwa polarization.
Uretse porogaramu za RFEH, antene na arrays byavuzwe cyane kuri microwave WPT kugira ngo byongere ubushobozi bwo gukusanya ingufu nke za RF cyangwa bigakuraho igihombo cyo gukwirakwiza. Yagi-Uda rectenna arrays, bowtie arrays, spiral arrays, Vivaldi arrays zifatanye neza, CPW CP arrays, na patch arrays ni bimwe mu bikoresho bishobora gupimwa bishobora kongera ubucucike bw'imbaraga z'impanuka munsi y'agace runaka. Ubundi buryo bwo kunoza antenna gain burimo ikoranabuhanga rya substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) muri microwave na millimeter wave bands, byihariye kuri WPT. Ariko, high-gain rectennas zirangwa n'ubugari buto bw'imirasire, bigatuma kwakira imiraba mu cyerekezo kidakora neza. Iperereza ku mubare w'ibintu bya antene n'ibyambu byagaragaje ko ubuyobozi buri hejuru butajyanye n'imbaraga nyinshi zakusanyijwe muri ambient RFEH bitewe n'uko ibintu bitatu bihindagurika; ibi byemejwe n'ibipimo by'ubutaka mu mijyi. High-gain arrays zishobora kugarukira kuri porogaramu za WPT.
Kugira ngo ibyiza bya antene zikura cyane zijya kuri RFEH zisanzwe, hakoreshwa uburyo bwo gupakira cyangwa gushyiraho uburyo bwo gupakira kugira ngo hakemurwe ikibazo cy’ubuyobozi. Hateganyijwe ko antene ifite uduce tubiri two gukurura ingufu ziva kuri Wi-Fi RFEH mu byerekezo bibiri. Antene za RFEH zo mu tunyabutabire dutandukanye nazo zakozwe nk'udusanduku twa 3D kandi zigacapwa cyangwa zigafatirwa ku buso bwo hanze kugira ngo bigabanye ubuso bwa sisitemu kandi bishoboze gusarura mu byerekezo byinshi. Imiterere ya rectenna ya cubic igaragaza amahirwe menshi yo kwakira ingufu muri antene zisanzwe.
Hakozwe ivugurura mu miterere ya antene kugira ngo hongerwe ubugari bw'imirasire, harimo n'ibintu by'inyongera bya parasitiki, kugira ngo hongerwe WPT kuri 2.4 GHz, 4 × 1 arrays. Antene ya mesh ya 6 GHz ifite uturere twinshi tw'imirasire, igaragaza imirasire myinshi kuri buri port. Antene zo hejuru zifite imirasire myinshi, multi-rectifier na energy harvesting zifite imirasire ya omnidirectional zatanzwe kuri RFEH ifite icyerekezo kinini na multi-polarized. Multi-rectifiers zifite beamforming matrices na multi-port arrays na zo zatanzwe kuri high-gain, multi-directional energy harvesting.
Muri make, nubwo antene zikoresha ikoranabuhanga rihanitse (high-gain antens) zikundwa kugira ngo zinoze ingufu ziva mu bucucike buke bwa RF, ibyuma bikoresha ikoranabuhanga rihanitse bishobora kuba bidakwiye mu bikorwa aho icyerekezo cy’itumanaho kitazwi (urugero: RFEH cyangwa WPT binyuze mu nzira zitazwi zo gukwirakwiza). Muri iki gikorwa, hatanzwe uburyo bwinshi bwo gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rihanitse (multi-beam) kuri WPT na RFEH.
2. Guhuza antena (Antena Polarization)
Polarization ya antena isobanura ingendo ya vector y'amashanyarazi ugereranije n'icyerekezo cyo gukwirakwiza antena. Kudahuza kwa polarization bishobora gutuma transmission/reception igabanuka hagati ya antena nubwo icyerekezo cy'ibanze cy'urukiramende gihuye. Urugero, niba antene ya LP ihagaze ikoreshwa mu kohereza kandi antene ya LP itambitse ikoreshwa mu kwakira, nta ngufu zizakirwa. Muri iki gice, uburyo bwavuzwe bwo kongera ubushobozi bwo kwakira nta mugozi no kwirinda igihombo cyo kudahuza kwa polarization burasuzumwa. Incamake y'imiterere ya rectenna iteganijwe ku bijyanye na polarization iratangwa ku Ishusho ya 6 n'urugero rwa SoA rutangwa mu Imbonerahamwe ya 4.
Ishusho ya 6
Mu itumanaho rya telefoni zigendanwa, guhuza umurongo wa polarization hagati ya sitasiyo z'ibanze na telefoni zigendanwa ntibishoboka ko bigerwaho, bityo antene za sitasiyo z'ibanze zagenewe kuba zifite polarized ebyiri cyangwa multi-polarized kugira ngo hirindwe igihombo cyo kudahuza kwa polarization. Ariko, ihindagurika rya polarization ry'imiraba ya LP bitewe n'ingaruka za multipath riracyari ikibazo kitarakemuka. Hashingiwe ku gitekerezo cy'uko hari sitasiyo z'ibanze za telefoni zigendanwa zifite multi-polarized, antene za telefoni zigendanwa za RFEH zakozwe nka antene za LP.
Rectenna za CP zikoreshwa cyane cyane muri WPT kuko zirwanya cyane kudahuza. Antene za CP zishobora kwakira imirasire ya CP ifite icyerekezo kimwe cyo kuzenguruka (CP y'ibumoso cyangwa iy'iburyo) hiyongereyeho imiraba yose ya LP nta gutakaza ingufu. Uko byagenda kose, antene ya CP irahita yohereza maze antene ya LP ikabona igihombo cya 3 dB (igihombo cya 50%). Rectenna za CP bivugwa ko zikwiriye imirongo ya 900 MHz na 2.4 GHz na 5.8 GHz y'inganda, iya siyansi, n'iy'ubuvuzi ndetse n'imiraba ya milimetero. Muri RFEH y'imiraba ya polarized idafite aho ihuriye, polarized diversity igaragaza igisubizo gishobora kubaho ku gihombo cya polarized kidahuye.
Polarization yuzuye, izwi kandi nka multi-polarisation, yatanzwe kugira ngo itsinde burundu igihombo cyo kudahuza kwa polarization, bigatuma habaho kwegeranya imiraba ya CP na LP, aho ibice bibiri bya LP bifite polarisation ebyiri byakira neza imiraba yose ya LP na CP. Kugira ngo tubigaragaze, voltages za vertical na horizontal net (VV na VH) zigumaho uko zimeze uko inguni ya polarization yaba iri:
Umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi wa CP wave "E", aho ingufu zikusanywa kabiri (rimwe kuri buri gice), bityo bigakira neza igice cya CP kandi bigatsinda igihombo cya 3 dB polarization mismatch:
Amaherezo, binyuze mu guhuza DC, imiraba y’ingaruka z’impinduka mu buryo butunguranye ishobora kwakirwa. Ishusho ya 7 igaragaza imiterere ya rectenna yavuzwe yuzuyemo polari.
Ishusho ya 7
Muri make, muri porogaramu za WPT zifite ingufu zabugenewe, CP niyo ikundwa kuko yongera imikorere ya WPT hatitawe ku nguni ya polarization ya antene. Ku rundi ruhande, mu kubona amasoko menshi, cyane cyane aturuka mu masoko yo mu kirere, antene zifite polarization yuzuye zishobora kwakira neza no gutwara neza; imiterere ya multi-port/multi-rectifier irakenewe kugira ngo ingufu za polarized zose zihuzwe kuri RF cyangwa DC zihuzwe.
Incamake
Iyi nyandiko isuzuma intambwe iherutse guterwa mu gushushanya antene za RFEH na WPT, kandi itanga uburyo bwo gushyira mu byiciro antene za RFEH na WPT zitari zatanzwe mu nyandiko zabanje. Ibisabwa bitatu by'ibanze bya antene kugira ngo umuntu agere ku musaruro mwiza wa RF-to-DC ni ibi bikurikira:
1. Uburyo bwo guhuza antena n'imirongo ya impedance ya RFEH na WPT;
2. Guhuza igice kinini cy'umuyoboro hagati y'umuyoboro n'umukiriya muri WPT bivuye ku gikoresho cyabugenewe;
3. Guhuza imiterere y'urukiramende n'umuraba w'impanuka hatitawe ku nguni n'aho iherereye.
Hashingiwe ku kubuza imbaraga, rectena zishyirwa mu byiciro bya 50Ω na rectena zihuza rectena, hibandwa ku guhuza impedance hagati y’imirongo itandukanye n’imitwaro ndetse n’imikorere myiza ya buri buryo bwo guhuza.
Imiterere y'imirasire ya SoA rectennas yasuzumwe hashingiwe ku cyerekezo na polarization. Uburyo bwo kunoza inyungu binyuze mu gupakira no gupakira kugira ngo harengerwe ubugari bw'imirasire buto buraganirwaho. Amaherezo, CP rectennas za WPT zirasuzumwa, hamwe n'ishyirwa mu bikorwa ritandukanye kugira ngo WPT na RFEH bitagengwa na polarization.
Kugira ngo umenye byinshi kuri antene, sura:
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-16-2024
