Iyo bigeze kuriantene, ikibazo abantu bahangayikishijwe cyane ni "Ni gute imirasire igerwaho mu by'ukuri?" Ni gute ingufu za elegitoronike zikorwa n'isoko y'ibimenyetso zikwirakwira binyuze mu murongo wo kohereza no imbere muri antene, hanyuma "zigatandukana" na antene kugira ngo habeho umuraba w'ikirere wigenga.
1. Imirasire y'insinga imwe
Reka tuvuge ko ubucucike bw'umuvuduko, bugaragazwa nka qv (Coulomb/m3), bukwirakwizwa mu buryo bumwe mu mugozi uruziga ufite agace ka a n'ingano ya V, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 1.
Igishushanyo cya 1
Igiteranyo cyose cya Q mu gipimo cya V kigenda mu cyerekezo cya z ku muvuduko umwe Vz (m/s). Bishobora kwemezwa ko ubucucike bw'amashanyarazi Jz ku gice cy'insinga ari:
Jz = qv vz (1)
Iyo insinga ikozwe n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi mwiza, ubucucike bw'amashanyarazi Js ku buso bw'insinga ni:
Js = qs vz (2)
Aho qs ari ubucucike bw'umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi. Niba insinga ari nto cyane (cyane cyane, radius ni 0), umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi mu nsinga ushobora kugaragazwa nka:
Iz = ql vz (3)
Aho ql (coulomb/meter) ari charge kuri buri gice cy'uburebure.
Twibanda cyane ku nsinga nto, kandi imyanzuro ireba ibibazo bitatu byavuzwe haruguru. Niba umuriro uhindagurika bitewe n'igihe, inkomoko ya formula (3) ku bijyanye n'igihe ni iyi ikurikira:
(4)
az ni ukwihutisha charge. Niba uburebure bw'insinga ari l, (4) bushobora kwandikwa gutya:
(5)
Ikigereranyo (5) ni isano y'ibanze hagati y'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi n'ingufu, ndetse n'isano y'ibanze y'imirasire ya elegitoroniki. Mu magambo make, kugira ngo habeho imirasire, hagomba kubaho umuyoboro uhindagurika mu gihe cyangwa kwihutisha (cyangwa kugabanya umuvuduko) kwa charge. Akenshi tuvuga umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi mu bikorwa bya harmonic, kandi charge ikunze kuvugwa mu bikorwa by'igihe gito. Kugira ngo habeho kwihutisha charge (cyangwa kugabanya umuvuduko), insinga igomba kuba igonze, ipfunyitse, kandi idakomeza. Iyo charge izunguruka mu ngendo ya harmonic y'igihe, izatanga kandi kwihutisha charge buri gihe (cyangwa kugabanya umuvuduko) cyangwa umuyoboro uhindagurika mu gihe. Kubwibyo:
1) Iyo umuriro udahindutse, nta muyaga n'imirasire bizaba bihari.
2) Iyo umuriro ugenda ku muvuduko udahinduka:
a. Iyo insinga igororotse kandi ifite uburebure butagira iherezo, nta mirasire iba ihari.
b. Iyo insinga igonze, ipfunze, cyangwa idakomeza, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 2, hari imirasire.
3) Iyo umuriro ugiye uhindagurika uko igihe kigenda gihita, umuriro uzarabagirana nubwo insinga yaba igororotse.
Igishushanyo cya 2
Gusobanukirwa neza uburyo imirasire ikoreshwa bishobora kuboneka urebye isoko ihujwe n'insinga ifunguye ishobora gushyirwa hasi binyuze mu mutwaro ku mpera yayo ifunguye, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 2 (d). Iyo insinga itangiye gukoreshwa, imirasire (electron zigenga) mu nsinga ishyirwaho n'imirongo y'amashanyarazi ikorwa n'isoko. Uko imirasire yihuta ku mpera y'insinga kandi ikagabanuka (kwihuta gukabije ugereranyije n'uko byagenze mbere) iyo igaragaye ku mpera yayo, umurasire ukorwa ku mpera zayo no ku yindi nsinga. Kwihuta kw'imirasire bikorwa n'isoko y'ingufu zo hanze zishyira imirasire mu nzira kandi zigatanga umurasire ujyanye nayo. Kugabanuka kw'imirasire ku mpera z'insinga bikorwa n'imbaraga z'imbere zijyanye n'umurima uterwa, biterwa no kwirundanya kw'imirasire ikomeye ku mpera z'insinga. Imbaraga z'imbere zibona ingufu mu kwirundanya kw'imirasire uko umuvuduko wayo ugabanuka ukagera kuri zeru ku mpera z'insinga. Kubwibyo, kwihutisha charges bitewe no gushyushya amashanyarazi no kugabanya charges bitewe no kudakomeza cyangwa kugorana kw'impedance y'insinga ni uburyo bwo gukora imirasire ya electromagnetic. Nubwo ubucucike bw'ubukonje (Jc) n'ubucucike bw'ingufu (qv) ari amagambo y'isoko muri equations za Maxwell, charge ifatwa nk'ingano y'ibanze, cyane cyane ku bice by'ubukonje. Nubwo ubu busobanuro bw'imirasire bukoreshwa cyane cyane ku bihe by'ubukonje, bushobora no gukoreshwa mu gusobanura imirasire ihamye.
Ndagusaba ibyiza byinshiibikoresho bya antenebyakozwe naRFMISO:
RM-TCR406.4
RM-BCA082-4 （0.8-2GHz)
RM-SWA910-22 (9-10GHz)
2. Imirasire y'insinga ebyiri
Huza isoko y'amashanyarazi ku murongo w'amashanyarazi ufite conductor ebyiri uhujwe na antene, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 3 (a). Gushyira voltage ku murongo w'amashanyarazi ufite insinga ebyiri bitanga amashanyarazi hagati y'aba conductor. Imirongo y'amashanyarazi ikora kuri electron zigenga (zitandukanyijwe byoroshye na atome) zihujwe na buri conductor kandi zigatuma zigenda. Ingendo z'amashanyarazi zitanga amashanyarazi, na yo igatanga amashanyarazi.
Igishushanyo cya 3
Twemeye ko imirongo y'amashanyarazi itangirira ku nguzanyo nziza ikarangirana n'inguzanyo mbi. Birumvikana ko ishobora no gutangirira ku nguzanyo nziza ikarangirana n'inguzanyo mbi; cyangwa igatangirana n'inguzanyo mbi ikarangirana n'inguzanyo mbi; cyangwa igakora imiyoboro ifunze idatangirana n'inguzanyo iyo ari yo yose. Imirongo y'amashanyarazi ihora ikora imiyoboro ifunze ikikije ibyuma bitwara umuriro kuko nta nguzanyo mbi zibaho muri fiziki. Muri formula zimwe na zimwe z'imibare, amashanyarazi angana na rukuruzi n'imiyoboro ya rukuruzi bishyirwamo kugira ngo berekane ubusumbane hagati y'ibisubizo birimo ingufu n'amasoko ya rukuruzi.
Imirongo y'amashanyarazi ishushanyije hagati y'abayobora amashanyarazi babiri ifasha kwerekana uko umuriro ukwirakwira. Iyo dutekereje ko isoko y'amashanyarazi ari sinusoidal, twiteze ko umuriro w'amashanyarazi uri hagati y'abayobora amashanyarazi nawo uba sinusoidal ufite igihe kingana n'icyo isoko ritanga. Ubunini bw'imbaraga z'amashanyarazi bugaragazwa n'ubucucike bw'imirongo y'amashanyarazi, kandi utwambi tugaragaza icyerekezo gifitanye isano (cyiza cyangwa kibi). Ikorwa ry'amashanyarazi n'ingufu za rukuruzi zihinduka hagati y'abayobora amashanyarazi rikora umuraba wa rukuruzi ukwirakwira ku murongo wo kohereza, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 3 (a). Umuraba wa rukuruzi winjira muri antene hamwe n'umuraba n'umuvuduko ujyanye nawo. Iyo dukuyeho igice cy'imiterere ya antene, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 3 (b), umuraba w'umwanya wigenga ushobora gukorwa binyuze mu "guhuza" impera z'imirongo y'amashanyarazi (yerekanywe n'imirongo ifite utudomo). Umuraba w'umwanya wigenga nawo ni igihe gihoraho, ariko agace ka P0 kagenda gasohoka ku muvuduko w'urumuri kandi kakagenda intera ya λ/2 (kugeza kuri P1) mu gihe cy'igice cy'igihe. Hafi ya antene, aho P0 ifata umwanya uhoraho igenda vuba kurusha umuvuduko w'urumuri kandi yegera umuvuduko w'urumuri ahantu kure ya antene. Ishusho ya 4 igaragaza ikwirakwizwa ry'amashanyarazi ry'aho antene ya λ∕2 iri kuri t = 0, t/8, t/4, na 3T/8.
Ishusho ya 4 Ikwirakwizwa ry'amashanyarazi ry'umwanya udafite aho uhuriye rya antene ya λ∕2 kuri t = 0, t/8, t/4 na 3T/8
Ntabwo birazwi uburyo imiraba iyoborwa itandukanywa na antene hanyuma igakorwa kugira ngo ikwirakwire mu mwanya wigenga. Dushobora kugereranya imiraba iyoborwa n'iy'ikirere cyigenga n'imiraba y'amazi, ishobora guterwa n'ibuye rigwa mu mazi atuje cyangwa mu bundi buryo. Iyo imiraba mu mazi itangiye, imiraba y'amazi iravuka igatangira gukwirakwira hanze. Nubwo iyo miraba ihagaze, imiraba ntihagarara ahubwo ikomeza gukwirakwira imbere. Iyo imiraba ikomeje, imiraba mishya ihora ivuka, kandi ikwirakwira ry'iyi miraba rigasigara inyuma y'indi miraba.
Ibyo ni ko bimeze no ku miraba ya elegitoronike iterwa n’ihungabana ry’amashanyarazi. Niba ihungabana ry’amashanyarazi rya mbere riturutse ku isoko rimaze igihe gito, imiraba ya elegitoronike ikorwa ikwirakwira mu murongo w’ihererekanya ry’amashanyarazi, hanyuma ikinjira muri antene, hanyuma igahita irabagirana nk’imiraba y’ikirere, nubwo ihungabana ritakiriho (nk’uko imiraba y’amazi n’ihungabana ryakozwe). Iyo ihungabana ry’amashanyarazi rikomeje, imiraba ya elegitoronike ibaho buri gihe kandi ikurikira inyuma yayo mu gihe cyo gukwirakwira, nk’uko bigaragara kuri antene y’ibice bibiri igaragara ku Ishusho ya 5. Iyo imiraba ya elegitoronike iri mu mirongo ya elegitoronike na antene, kubaho kwayo bifitanye isano no kuba hari umuriro w’amashanyarazi uri mu muyoboro w’amashanyarazi. Ariko, iyo imiraba irabagirana, ikora umuyoboro ufunze kandi nta shyushya ihari kugira ngo ikomeze kubaho. Ibi bidushyira ku mwanzuro w’uko:
Gushyuha k'umurima bisaba kwihutisha no kugabanya umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi, ariko kubungabunga umurima ntibisaba kwihutisha no kugabanya umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi.
Igishushanyo cya 5
3. Imirasire ya Dipole
Tugerageza gusobanura uburyo imirongo y'amashanyarazi iva kuri antene igakora imiraba y'ikirere cyigenga, hanyuma dufate urugero rwa antene ya dipole. Nubwo ari ibisobanuro byoroshye, bituma abantu babona mu buryo bw'ubwenge ikorwa ry'imiraba y'ikirere cyigenga. Ishusho ya 6 (a) igaragaza imirongo y'amashanyarazi ikorwa hagati y'amaboko abiri ya dipole iyo imirongo y'amashanyarazi igenda ijya hanze na λ∕4 mu gihembwe cya mbere cy'uruziga. Kuri uru rugero, reka dufate ko umubare w'imirongo y'amashanyarazi yakozwe ari 3. Mu gihembwe gikurikira cy'uruziga, imirongo itatu y'ibanze y'amashanyarazi yimura indi λ∕4 (igiteranyo cya λ∕2 uhereye aho itangiriye), kandi ubucucike bw'amashanyarazi ku muyobora butangira kugabanuka. Ishobora gufatwa nk'ikozwe no gushyiramo imiyoboro inyuranye, ikuraho imiyoboro ku muyobora mu mpera z'igice cya mbere cy'uruziga. Imirongo y'amashanyarazi ikorwa n'imiyoboro inyuranye ni 3 kandi igenda intera ya λ∕4, igaragazwa n'imirongo ifite utudomo ku Ishusho ya 6 (b).
Umusaruro wa nyuma ni uko hari imirongo itatu y'amashanyarazi imanuka mu ntera ya mbere ya λ∕4 n'umubare ungana w'imirongo y'amashanyarazi izamuka mu ntera ya kabiri ya λ∕4. Kubera ko nta shariji ihari kuri antene, imirongo y'amashanyarazi igomba guhatirwa gutandukana n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi ikajya hamwe kugira ngo ikore umuyoboro ufunze. Ibi bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 6 (c). Mu gice cya kabiri, inzira imwe y'umubiri irakurikizwa, ariko menya ko icyerekezo gitandukanye. Nyuma y'ibyo, inzira irasubirwamo kandi igakomeza igihe kitazwi, ikora ikwirakwizwa ry'amashanyarazi nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 4.
Ishusho ya 6
Kugira ngo umenye byinshi kuri antene, sura:
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kamena-20-2024
