1. Intangiriro kuri Antena
Antene ni imiterere y'impinduka hagati y'umwanya wigenga n'umurongo w'itumanaho, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 1. Umurongo w'itumanaho ushobora kuba mu ishusho y'umurongo w'itumanaho uhuza amashanyarazi cyangwa umuyoboro w'amazi (waveguide), ukoreshwa mu kohereza ingufu za elegitoroniki ziva ku isoko zijya kuri antene, cyangwa ziva kuri antene zijya kuri receiver. Iya mbere ni antene yohereza, naho iya nyuma ni receiverantene.
Ishusho ya 1 Inzira yo kohereza ingufu za elegitoroniki
Uburyo bwo kohereza antene mu buryo bwo kohereza bugaragara ku Ishusho ya 1 bugaragazwa n'ikigereranyo cya Thevenin nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 2, aho isoko igaragazwa n'icyuma gitanga ibimenyetso cyiza, umurongo wo kohereza ugaragazwa n'umurongo ufite impedance Zc, naho antene igaragazwa n'umutwaro ZA [ZA = (RL + Rr) + jXA]. Ubudahangarwa bw'umutwaro RL bugaragaza igihombo cyo kohereza n'amashanyarazi bifitanye isano n'imiterere ya antene, mu gihe Rr ihagarariye ubudahangarwa bw'imirasire ya antene, naho reaction XA ikoreshwa mu kwerekana igice cy'impidance gifitanye isano n'imirasire ya antene. Mu bihe byiza, ingufu zose zikomoka ku isoko y'ibimenyetso zigomba kwimurirwa kuri resistance ya radiation Rr, ikoreshwa mu kwerekana ubushobozi bw'imirasire ya antene. Ariko, mu bikorwa bifatika, hari igihombo cya conductor-dielectric giterwa n'imiterere y'umurongo wo kohereza na antene, ndetse n'igihombo giterwa no kugaragara (kutangana) hagati y'umurongo wo kohereza na antene. Urebye uburyo isoko rihagaze imbere kandi ukirengagiza umurongo w’itumanaho n’ibihombo byo kugarura urumuri (kutabana neza), imbaraga ntarengwa zihabwa antene munsi y’aho ihurira.
Igishushanyo cya 2
Kubera ko umurongo utuma ibintu bihinduka na antene idahuye neza, umuraba ugaragara uva aho uhurira ushyirwa hejuru y’umuraba uva aho ujya kuri antene kugira ngo habeho umuraba uhagaze, ugaragaza imbaraga nyinshi n’ububiko kandi ni igikoresho gisanzwe gihuza imbaraga. Imiterere isanzwe y’umuraba uhagaze igaragazwa n’umurongo ugaragara ku Ishusho ya 2. Iyo sisitemu ya antene idakozwe neza, umurongo utuma ibintu bihinduka ushobora gukora cyane cyane nk’ikintu gibika ingufu aho kuba nk’igikoresho giyobora umuraba n’igikoresho gikwirakwiza ingufu.
Igihombo giterwa n'umurongo w'itumanaho, antene n'imiraba ihagaze ntabwo ari byiza. Igihombo giterwa n'umurongo w'itumanaho gishobora kugabanuka hatoranijwe imirongo y'itumanaho igabanya igihombo, mu gihe igihombo giterwa n'antene gishobora kugabanuka hagaburwa uburyo bwo kwirinda igihombo bugaragazwa na RL ku Ishusho ya 2. Imiraba ihagaze ishobora kugabanuka kandi kubika ingufu mu murongo bishobora kugabanuka hahujwe uburyo bwo guhuza impedance ya antene (umutwaro) n'uburyo bwo kwirinda budasanzwe bw'umurongo.
Muri sisitemu zikoresha insinga, uretse kwakira cyangwa kohereza ingufu, antene zikunze gukenerwa kugira ngo zongere ingufu zitangwa mu byerekezo bimwe na bimwe no guhagarika ingufu zitangwa mu bindi byerekezo. Kubwibyo, uretse ibikoresho byo gutahura, antene zigomba no gukoreshwa nk'ibikoresho by'icyerekezo. Antene zishobora kuba mu buryo butandukanye kugira ngo zihuze n'ibikenewe byihariye. Zishobora kuba insinga, umwobo, agace, ihuriro ry'ibintu (array), akagarura-rumuri, lensi, nibindi.
Muri sisitemu z'itumanaho zikoresha insinga, antene ni kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi cyane. Imiterere myiza ya antene ishobora kugabanya ibisabwa kuri sisitemu no kunoza imikorere ya sisitemu muri rusange. Urugero rwiza ni televiziyo, aho kwakira amajwi bishobora kunozwa hakoreshejwe antene zifite ubushobozi bwo hejuru. Antene ni sisitemu z'itumanaho nk'uko amaso ari ku bantu.
2. Gushyira Antena mu byiciro
Antene y'ihembe ni antene ifite planar, antene ya mikoroonde ifite igice cy'uruziga cyangwa cy'urukiramende gifunguka buhoro buhoro ku mpera y'umurongo w'impande. Ni bwo bwoko bwa antene ya mikoroonde ikoreshwa cyane. Imiterere yayo y'imirasire igenwa n'ingano y'umwobo w'ihembe n'ubwoko bw'aho ikwirakwira. Muri byo, ingaruka z'urukuta rw'ihembe ku mirasire zishobora kubarwa hakoreshejwe ihame rya geometrike. Iyo uburebure bw'ihembe budahindutse, ingano y'umwobo n'itandukaniro rya quadratic phase biziyongera uko inguni yo gufungura ihembe yiyongera, ariko inyungu ntizihinduka uko ingano y'umwobo ingana. Niba umurongo w'impera y'ihembe ukeneye kwaguka, ni ngombwa kugabanya umucyo ku ijosi no ku mwobo w'ihembe; umucyo uzagabanuka uko ingano y'umwobo yiyongera. Imiterere ya antene y'ihembe iroroshye, kandi imiterere y'imirasire nayo iroroshye kandi yoroshye kuyigenzura. Muri rusange ikoreshwa nka antene iciriritse. Antene za parabolic reflector horn zifite umurambararo munini, impande zo hasi n'ubushobozi bwinshi zikunze gukoreshwa mu itumanaho rya mikoroonde.
RM-DCPHA105145-20 (10.5-14.5GHz)
RM-BDHA1850-20 (18-50GHz)
RM-SGHA430-10 (1.70-2.60GHz)
2. Antene ya Microstrip
Imiterere ya antene ya microstrip muri rusange igizwe na substrate ya dielectric, radiator na ground plane. Ubunini bwa substrate ya dielectric ni buto cyane ugereranyije n'uburebure bw'uburebure. Urwego rw'icyuma rwo hasi rw'substrate rufatanye n'ubutaka, kandi urwego rw'icyuma rwo hasi rufite imiterere yihariye rukorwa imbere binyuze mu buryo bwa photolithography nk'urumuri rwa radiator. Imiterere ya radiator ishobora guhinduka mu buryo bwinshi hakurikijwe ibisabwa.
Iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga ryo guhuza mikoroonde n'uburyo bushya bwo gukora byateje imbere iterambere rya mikoroonde. Ugereranyije na mikoroonde zisanzwe, mikoroonde si nto gusa mu bunini, ni ntoya mu buremere, ni nke mu miterere, ni ntoya mu miterere, ni nziza kuyihuza, ahubwo ni noroshye kuyihuza, ihendutse, ikwiriye gukorwa ku bwinshi, kandi ifite ibyiza byo kuba ifite imiterere itandukanye y'amashanyarazi.
RM-MA424435-22 (4.25-4.35GHz)
RM-MA25527-22 (25.5-27GHz)
3. Antene y'umwanya wa Waveguide
Antene y'umuyoboro w'amajwi ni antene ikoresha imiyoboro iri mu miterere y'umuyoboro w'amajwi kugira ngo igere ku mirasire. Ubusanzwe igizwe n'ibyuma bibiri bifatanye birema umuyoboro w'amajwi ufite icyuho gito hagati y'ibice bibiri. Iyo imiraba ya elegitoronike inyuze mu cyuho cy'umuyoboro w'amajwi, hazabaho ikintu cyo kugarura amajwi, bityo kikabyara umuyoboro ukomeye wa elegitoronike hafi y'icyuho kugira ngo igere ku mirasire. Bitewe n'imiterere yayo yoroshye, antene y'umuyoboro w'amajwi ishobora kugera ku mirasire ya interineti n'iy'amashanyarazi menshi, bityo ikoreshwa cyane muri radar, itumanaho, sensor zidafite insinga n'izindi nzego mu miyoboro ya mikoroonde na millimeter. Ibyiza byayo birimo imikorere myiza y'imirasire, imiterere ya interineti n'ubushobozi bwiza bwo kurwanya ingaruka mbi, bityo ikundwa n'abahanga n'abashakashatsi.
RM-PA7087-43 (71-86GHz)
RM-PA1075145-32 (10.75-14.5GHz)
RM-SWA910-22 (9-10GHz)
Antena ya Biconical ni antena ya interineti ifite imiterere ya biconical, irangwa no kwitwara neza kwa frequency n'ubushobozi bwo hejuru bwa radiation. Ibice bibiri bya antena ya biconical bifite imiterere ingana. Binyuze muri iyi miterere, imirasire ikora neza mu gice kinini cya frequency ishobora kugerwaho. Ubusanzwe ikoreshwa mu nzego nko gusesengura spectrum, gupima imirasire no gupima EMC (electromagnetic compatibility). Ifite imiterere myiza yo guhuza impedance n'imirasire kandi ikwiriye gukoreshwa mu bihe bigomba gukorerwamo frequencies nyinshi.
RM-BCA2428-4 (24-28GHz)
RM-BCA218-4 (2-18GHz)
5. Antena yo mu bwoko bwa Spiral
Antene yo mu bwoko bwa Spiral ni antene ya interineti ifite imiterere y’uruziga, irangwa no kwitwara neza kw’imirasire myinshi n’imikorere myiza y’imirasire myinshi. Antene yo mu bwoko bwa Spiral igera ku budasa bwa polarization n’imiterere y’imirasire ya wide-band binyuze mu miterere ya spiral coils, kandi ikwiriye itumanaho rya radar, satellite na sisitemu y’itumanaho ridafite insinga.
RM-PSA0756-3 (0.75-6GHz)
RM-PSA218-2R (2-18GHz)
Kugira ngo umenye byinshi kuri antene, sura:
Igihe cyo kohereza ubutumwa: Kamena-14-2024
