AntenaGupima ni inzira yo gusuzuma no gusesengura imikorere n'imiterere ya antene mu buryo bw'imibare. Dukoresheje ibikoresho byihariye byo gupima n'uburyo bwo gupima, dupima inyungu, imiterere y'imirasire, igipimo cy'umuraba uhagaze, igisubizo cya frequency n'ibindi bipimo bya antene kugira ngo tumenye neza niba imiterere y'antene yujuje ibisabwa, tukareba imikorere ya antene, kandi dutange ibitekerezo byo kunoza. Ibisubizo n'amakuru aturuka ku bipimo bya antene bishobora gukoreshwa mu gusuzuma imikorere ya antene, kunoza imiterere, kunoza imikorere ya sisitemu, no gutanga ubuyobozi n'ibitekerezo ku bakora antene n'abahanga mu bya porogaramu.
Ibikoresho bikenewe mu gupima antena
Ku igeragezwa rya antene, igikoresho cy'ibanze ni VNA. Ubwoko bworoshye bwa VNA ni VNA ifite umuyoboro umwe, ishobora gupima impedance ya antene.
Gupima imiterere y'imirasire ya antene, ubwiyongere bwayo n'ubushobozi bwayo biragoye cyane kandi bisaba ibikoresho byinshi. Tuzahamagara antene kugira ngo ipimwe AUT, bisobanura Antena iri munsi y'igeragezwa. Ibikoresho bikenewe mu gupima antene birimo:
Antene y'icyitegererezo - Antene ifite imiterere izwi (ubwiyongere, imiterere, nibindi)
Umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi wa RF - Uburyo bwo gushyira ingufu muri AUT [Antena iri mu igeragezwa]
Sisitemu yo kwakira - Iyi niyo igena ingano y'ingufu zakirwa na antene y'icyitegererezo
Sisitemu yo gushyira ibintu mu mwanya wayo - Iyi sisitemu ikoreshwa mu kuzunguruka antene yo gupima ugereranije na antene yo guturukaho, kugira ngo ipime imiterere y'imirasire nk'uko inguni ibikora.
Ishusho ya bloc y'ibikoresho byavuzwe haruguru igaragara ku Ishusho ya 1.
Ishusho ya 1. Ishusho y'ibikoresho byo gupima antene bikenewe.
Ibi bice bizaganirwaho muri make. Antena y'icyitegererezo igomba gutanga urumuri neza ku gipimo cyifuzwa. Antena z'icyitegererezo akenshi ni antena z'amahembe zigizwe n'impande ebyiri, ku buryo uburinganire bushobora gupimwa icyarimwe.
Sisitemu yo kohereza ubutumwa igomba kuba ifite ubushobozi bwo gutanga ingufu zihamye zizwi. Ingano y'umusaruro igomba kandi kuba ishobora guhindurwa (ishobora gutorwa), kandi ikaba ihamye mu buryo bukwiye (ihamye bivuze ko inshuro ubona kuri kontineri iri hafi y'inshuro wifuza, ntabwo itandukana cyane bitewe n'ubushyuhe). Kontineri igomba kuba irimo ingufu nke cyane ku zindi nshuro zose (hazabaho ingufu zimwe zitari ku nshuro wifuza, ariko ntihagomba kuba hari ingufu nyinshi kuri harmonics, urugero).
Sisitemu yo kwakira ikenera gusa kumenya ingano y'ingufu zakirwa na antene yo gupima. Ibi bishobora gukorwa hakoreshejwe icyuma gipima ingufu, ari cyo gikoresho gipima imbaraga za RF (radio frequency) kandi gishobora guhuzwa neza n'imiyoboro ya antene binyuze mu muyoboro wo kohereza (nk'insinga ya coaxial ifite ubwoko bwa N cyangwa SMA connectors). Ubusanzwe icyuma gikira ni sisitemu ya 50 Ohm, ariko gishobora kuba impedance itandukanye iyo cyagenwe.
Menya ko sisitemu yo kohereza/kwakira ikunze gusimburwa na VNA. Igipimo cya S21 cyohereza inshuro iva kuri port 1 kandi kikandika ingufu zakiriwe kuri port 2. Bityo, VNA ikwiranye neza n'iki gikorwa; icyakora si bwo buryo bwonyine bwo gukora iki gikorwa.
Sisitemu yo Gushyiramo Ibimenyetso (Positioning System) igenzura icyerekezo cya antene yo gupima. Kubera ko dushaka gupima imiterere y'imirasire ya antene yo gupima nk'uko bigaragara ku nguni (ubusanzwe mu miyoboro y'uruziga), tugomba kuzunguruka antene yo gupima kugira ngo antene yo gupima imurikire antene yo gupima uhereye ku nguni zose zishoboka. Sisitemu yo gushyiramo ibimenyetso ikoreshwa muri iyi ntego. Ku Ishusho ya 1, tugaragaza AUT izunguruka. Menya ko hari uburyo bwinshi bwo gukora uku kuzunguruka; rimwe na rimwe antene yo gupima izunguruka, kandi rimwe na rimwe antene zo gupima n'izo gupima zizunguruka.
Noneho ko dufite ibikoresho byose bikenewe, dushobora kuganira aho twakora ibipimo.
Ahantu heza ho gupimira antene zacu ni hehe? Wenda wifuza kubikora muri gareji yawe, ariko urumuri ruturutse ku nkuta, ku gisenge no hasi rwatuma ibipimo byawe bidakwiye. Ahantu heza ho gupimira antene ni ahantu ho hanze, aho nta ruhushya rushobora kubaho. Ariko, kubera ko ingendo zo mu kirere muri iki gihe zihenze cyane, tuzibanda ku hantu ho gupimira hari ku buso bw'Isi. Akazu ka Anechoic gashobora gukoreshwa mu gutandukanya uburyo bwo gupima antene mugihe gafata ingufu zigaragara hakoreshejwe ifuro rifata RF.
Inzira z'Icyumba cy'Ubusa (Ibyumba bya Anechoic)
Intera z'umwanya wigenga ni ahantu ho gupima antene hagenewe kwigana ibipimo byakorerwa mu isanzure. Ni ukuvuga ko imiraba yose igaragara iturutse ku bintu biri hafi n'ubutaka (bidakwiye) ihagarikwa uko bishoboka kose. Intera z'umwanya wigenga zizwi cyane ni ibyumba bidafite aho bihuriye n'amajwi, intera z'uburebure, n'intera nto.
Ibyumba bya Anechoic
Ibyumba bya Anechoic ni urwego rw'intende zo mu nzu. Inkuta, igisenge n'ubutaka bitwikiriwe n'ibikoresho byihariye bikurura umuraba wa elegitoroniki. Ibyumba byo mu nzu ni byiza kuko imiterere y'ibizamini ishobora kugenzurwa cyane kurusha urwego rwo hanze. Ibikoresho akenshi biba bifite imiterere igoye, bigatuma ibi byumba birushaho gushimisha kubireba. Imiterere y'impandeshatu igoye yakozwe ku buryo ibigaragarira muri byo bikunda gukwirakwira mu byerekezo bidasanzwe, kandi ibyongewe hamwe bivuye mu mucyo wose udasanzwe birushaho kwiyongera mu buryo budasobanutse bityo bigashyirwa hasi cyane. Ishusho y'icyumba cya Anechoic igaragara ku ishusho ikurikira, hamwe n'ibikoresho bimwe na bimwe byo gupima:
(Ifoto igaragaza ikizamini cya antene ya RFMISO)
Ingorane ku byumba bidafite uburebure ni uko akenshi biba bikeneye kuba binini cyane. Akenshi antene zigomba kuba zifite uburebure bwinshi bw'umuraba kure y'ibindi byibuze kugira ngo zigaragaze imiterere y'ahantu ha kure. Bityo, ku miyoboro mito ifite uburebure bunini bw'umuraba, dukeneye ibyumba binini cyane, ariko ibiciro n'imbogamizi zifatika akenshi bigabanya ingano yabyo. Amwe mu masosiyete akora amasezerano y'ubwubatsi apima Radar Cross Section y'indege nini cyangwa ibindi bintu bizwiho kugira ibyumba bidafite uburebure bungana n'ibibuga bya basketball, nubwo ibi atari ibisanzwe. Kaminuza zifite ibyumba bidafite uburebure busanzwe zifite ibyumba bifite uburebure bwa metero 3-5, ubugari n'uburebure. Kubera ingano igoye, kandi kubera ko ibikoresho bikura RF akenshi bikora neza kuri UHF no hejuru, ibyumba bidafite uburebure bikunze gukoreshwa ku miyoboro iri hejuru ya 300 MHz.
Intera Zirebire
Ingano z'amashanyarazi ni intera zo hanze. Muri ubu buryo, isoko na antene biri kugeragezwa bishyirwa hejuru y'ubutaka. Izi antene zishobora kuba ku misozi, iminara, inyubako, cyangwa aho umuntu abonye ko bikwiye. Ibi bikunze gukorwa kuri antene nini cyane cyangwa ku murongo muto (VHF na munsi, <100 MHz) aho ibipimo byo mu nzu byaba bigoye. Ishusho y'ibanze y'intera iri hejuru igaragara ku Ishusho ya 2.
Ishusho ya 2. Ishusho y'uburebure buri hejuru.
Antene y'isoko (cyangwa antene y'icyitegererezo) ntabwo ari ngombwa ko iba iri hejuru cyane kurusha antene y'igerageza, nabyerekanye muri ubwo buryo hano. Umurongo w'iyerekwa (LOS) hagati ya antene ebyiri (zigaragazwa n'imirasire y'umukara ku Ishusho ya 2) ugomba kuba udakingiwe. Izindi reflection zose (nk'imirasire itukura igaragara iturutse ku butaka) ntizikenewe. Ku ntera iri hejuru, iyo isoko n'aho antene y'igerageza bigeze, abakoresha isuzuma bagena aho reflection zikomeye zizabera, kandi bakagerageza kugabanya reflection ziva kuri ubu buso. Akenshi ibikoresho bikurura rf bikoreshwa muri iyi ntego, cyangwa ibindi bikoresho bikura imirasire kure ya antene y'igerageza.
Ingano nto
Antene yo mu bwoko bwa source igomba gushyirwa mu gice cya kure cya antene yo mu bwoko bwa test. Impamvu ni uko umuraba wakirwa na antene yo mu bwoko bwa test ugomba kuba umuraba w’ikirere kugira ngo ube mwiza cyane. Kubera ko antene zitanga imiraba y’uruziga, antene igomba kuba kure bihagije ku buryo umuraba uturuka kuri antene yo mu bwoko bwa source uba hafi umuraba w’ikirere - reba Ishusho ya 3.
Ishusho ya 3. Antene y'isoko itanga urumuri rw'umuraba ufite umuraba ugororotse.
Ariko, ku byumba byo mu nzu akenshi nta gutandukanya guhagije kugira ngo ibi bigerweho. Uburyo bumwe bwo gukemura iki kibazo ni ugukoresha uburyo buto. Muri ubu buryo, antene y'isoko yerekeza ku gikoresho gisa n'aho gisubiza inyuma, gifite ishusho yacyo igamije kugaragaza umuraba w'uruziga mu buryo bungana n'ubw'umubumbe. Ibi bisa cyane n'ihame antene y'ibiryo ikoraho. Imikorere y'ibanze igaragara ku Ishusho ya 4.
Ishusho ya 4. Ingano nto - imiraba y'uruziga ituruka kuri antene y'isoko igaragara nk'ifite imiterere isanzwe (collimated).
Uburebure bw'agakoresho k'isuzuma (parabolic reflector) bukunze kwifuzwa ko bungana inshuro nyinshi n'agakoresho k'igerageza. Agakoresho k'isuzuma kari ku Ishusho ya 4 gatandukanye n'agakoresho k'isuzuma kugira ngo katabangamira imirasire yagaragaye. Hagomba kandi kwitonda kugira ngo imirasire iyo ari yo yose (ihuza ry'imibanire) iva kuri agakoresho k'igerageza ijye kuri agakoresho k'igerageza.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Mutarama-03-2024
