Amakuru - Isubiramo rya Antenna: Isubiramo ryibice bya Metasurface hamwe nigishushanyo cya Antenna

I. Intangiriro
Ibice ni imibare yerekana ibintu bisa nkibipimo bitandukanye. Ibi bivuze ko iyo ukinishije / hanze kumiterere ivunaguye, buri gice cyacyo gisa cyane na byose; ni ukuvuga, imiterere ya geometrike cyangwa imiterere isubiramo murwego rutandukanye rwo gukuza (reba ingero zivunaguye mubishusho 1). Ibice byinshi bifite imiterere igoye, irambuye, kandi itagira ingano.

ishusho 1

Igitekerezo cyo kuvunika cyatangijwe n’umuhanga mu mibare Benoit B. Mandelbrot mu myaka ya za 70, nubwo inkomoko ya geometrike ya fractal ishobora guturuka ku mirimo yabanjirije imibare myinshi, nka Cantor (1870), von Koch (1904), Sierpinski (1915) ), Julia (1918), Fatou (1926), na Richardson (1953).
Benoit B. Mandelbrot yize isano iri hagati yimvune na kamere atangiza ubwoko bushya bwibice kugirango bigereranye ibintu bigoye cyane, nkibiti, imisozi, ninyanja. Yahimbye ijambo "fractal" rivuye mu nyito y'Ikilatini "fractus", risobanura "kuvunika" cyangwa "kuvunika", ni ukuvuga ibice byavunitse cyangwa bidasanzwe, kugira ngo asobanure imiterere ya geometrike idasanzwe kandi yacitsemo ibice idashobora gushyirwa mu majwi na geometrike gakondo ya Euclidea. Byongeye kandi, yateje imbere imibare yimibare na algorithms yo kubyara no kwiga ibice, byatumye habaho ishyirwaho ryamamare rya Mandelbrot, rishobora kuba ariryo shusho rizwi cyane kandi rishimishije cyane rifite ibice byoroshye kandi bisubiramo bitarondoreka (reba Ishusho 1d).
Ibikorwa bya Mandelbrot ntabwo byagize ingaruka ku mibare gusa, ahubwo bifite n'ibikorwa mubice bitandukanye nka fiziki, ibishushanyo bya mudasobwa, ibinyabuzima, ubukungu, n'ubuhanzi. Mubyukuri, bitewe nubushobozi bwabo bwo kwerekana no guhagararira ibintu bigoye kandi bisa-bisa, ibice bifite udushya twinshi dushyashya mubice bitandukanye. Kurugero, zagiye zikoreshwa cyane mubice bikurikira bikoreshwa, ni ingero nkeya gusa mugukoresha kwagutse:
1. Igishushanyo cya mudasobwa na animasiyo, bitanga ibintu nyaburanga kandi bigaragara neza nyaburanga, ibiti, ibicu, hamwe nimiterere;
2. Tekinoroji yo gukusanya amakuru kugirango igabanye ubunini bwa dosiye;
3. Gutunganya amashusho nibimenyetso, gukuramo ibintu mumashusho, gutahura imiterere, no gutanga uburyo bwiza bwo guhagarika amashusho nuburyo bwo kwiyubaka;
4. Ibinyabuzima, bisobanura imikurire y’ibimera n’imitunganyirize ya neuron mu bwonko;
5. Igitekerezo cya Antenna hamwe na metamaterial, gushushanya antenne compact / bande-bande hamwe na metasurface nshya.
Kugeza ubu, geometrike ikomeje gushakisha uburyo bushya kandi bushya mu bumenyi butandukanye, ubuhanzi n’ikoranabuhanga.
Muri tekinoroji ya electromagnetic (EM), imiterere yibice ni ingirakamaro cyane mubikorwa bisaba miniaturizasiya, kuva antenne kugeza metamaterial hamwe nubuso bwatoranijwe (FSS). Gukoresha geometrike ivunaguye muri antene isanzwe irashobora kongera uburebure bwamashanyarazi, bityo bikagabanya ubunini rusange bwimiterere. Mubyongeyeho, imiterere-yimiterere yimiterere yibice ituma biba byiza muburyo bwo kumenya imirongo myinshi cyangwa umurongo mugari wa resonant. Ubushobozi bwa miniaturisiyonike ya fracal irashimishije cyane mugushushanya ibishusho, antenne yicyiciro, ibyuma bifata metamaterial hamwe na metasurface kubisabwa bitandukanye. Mubyukuri, gukoresha ibintu bito cyane byingirakamaro birashobora kuzana inyungu nyinshi, nko kugabanya guhuza cyangwa gushobora gukorana na array hamwe nibintu bito bito cyane, bityo bigatuma imikorere yo gusikana neza hamwe ninzego zo hejuru zihamye.
Kubwimpamvu zavuzwe haruguru, antenne fractale na metasurface byerekana ibice bibiri byubushakashatsi bushimishije mubijyanye na electromagnetique yakunze kwitabwaho cyane mumyaka yashize. Ibyo bitekerezo byombi bitanga inzira zidasanzwe zo gukoresha no kugenzura imiyoboro ya elegitoroniki, hamwe na porogaramu zitandukanye mu itumanaho ridafite insinga, sisitemu ya radar no kumva. Imiterere yabo isa nayo ibemerera kuba nto mubunini mugukomeza igisubizo cyiza cya electromagnetic. Uku guhuzagurika ni byiza cyane cyane muri porogaramu zidafite umwanya, nk'ibikoresho bigendanwa, ibimenyetso bya RFID, hamwe na sisitemu yo mu kirere.
Gukoresha antenne ya fracal na metasurface bifite ubushobozi bwo kunoza cyane itumanaho ryitumanaho, amashusho, hamwe na sisitemu ya radar, kuko itanga ibikoresho byoroheje, bikora cyane hamwe nibikorwa byongerewe imbaraga. Byongeye kandi, geometrike yamenetse igenda ikoreshwa mugushushanya ibyuma bya microwave kugirango bisuzume ibintu, bitewe nubushobozi bwayo bwo gukora mumirongo myinshi yumurongo hamwe nubushobozi bwayo bwo kuba miniature. Ubushakashatsi burimo gukorwa muri utwo turere bukomeje gushakisha ibishushanyo bishya, ibikoresho, hamwe nubuhanga bwo guhimba kugirango bamenye ubushobozi bwabo bwuzuye.
Uru rupapuro rugamije gusuzuma ubushakashatsi no gushyira mu bikorwa iterambere rya antenne ya fracal na metasurfaces no kugereranya antenne zisanzwe zishingiye kuri fracal na metasurface, zigaragaza ibyiza byabo nimbibi. Hanyuma, isesengura ryuzuye ryerekana udushya twinshi hamwe nuburinganire bwa metamaterial birerekanwa, kandi imbogamizi niterambere ryiterambere ryizi mashanyarazi.

2. IbiceAntennaIbigize
Igitekerezo rusange cyibice gishobora gukoreshwa mugushushanya ibintu bya antenne zidasanzwe zitanga imikorere myiza kuruta antene isanzwe. Ibice bya antenne yamenetse birashobora kuba binini mubunini kandi bifite ubushobozi-buke na / cyangwa umurongo mugari.
Igishushanyo cya antenne yamenetse ikubiyemo gusubiramo imiterere ya geometrike ku munzani itandukanye murwego rwa antenne. Ubu buryo busa nabwo butwemerera kongera uburebure bwa antenne mumwanya muto. Mubyongeyeho, imirasire yamenetse irashobora kugera kumirongo myinshi kuko ibice bitandukanye bya antene bisa nkibindi ku munzani itandukanye. Kubwibyo, ibice bya antenne yamenetse birashobora kuba byoroshye kandi byinshi, bitanga umurongo mugari kuruta antene isanzwe.
Igitekerezo cya antenne yamenetse irashobora guhera mu mpera za 1980. Mu 1986, Kim na Jaggard berekanye uburyo bwo guhuza ibice bisa na antenna array synthesis.
Mu 1988, umuhanga mu bya fiziki Nathan Cohen yubatse antenne yambere yibice byisi. Yasabye ko mu kwinjiza geometrie isa na yo mu miterere ya antene, imikorere yayo n'ubushobozi bwa miniaturizasiya byanozwa. Mu 1995, Cohen yashinze Fractal Antenna Systems Inc, itangira gutanga ibisubizo bya antenna ya mbere yubucuruzi ku isi.
Hagati ya za 90, Puente n'abandi. yerekanye ubushobozi-bande yubushobozi bwa fracal ukoresheje monopole ya Sierpinski na dipole.
Kuva umurimo wa Cohen na Puente, ibyiza bya antenne zavunitse byashimishije cyane abashakashatsi naba injeniyeri mubijyanye n'itumanaho, biganisha ku bushakashatsi no guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga rya antenna ya fracal.
Muri iki gihe, antenne zivunika zikoreshwa cyane muri sisitemu yo gutumanaho idafite umugozi, harimo terefone zigendanwa, umurongo wa Wi-Fi, n’itumanaho rya satelite. Mubyukuri, antenne zavunitse ni ntoya, imirongo myinshi, kandi ikora neza, bigatuma ikwiranye nibikoresho bitandukanye bidafite umugozi.
Imibare ikurikira irerekana antenne zimwe na zimwe zifatika zishingiye kumiterere izwi cyane, ni ingero nkeya gusa muburyo butandukanye bwaganiriweho mubitabo.
By'umwihariko, Igishushanyo 2a cyerekana monopole ya Sierpinski yasabwe muri Puente, ishoboye gutanga ibikorwa byinshi. Inyabutatu ya Sierpinski ikorwa mugukuramo inyabutatu yo hagati ihindagurika kuva kuri mpandeshatu nkuru, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo 1b na Ishusho 2a. Iyi nzira isiga inyabutatu eshatu zingana kumiterere, buri kimwe gifite uburebure bwuruhande rwa kimwe cya gatatu cyintangiriro (reba Ishusho 1b). Uburyo bumwe bwo gukuramo burashobora gusubirwamo kuri mpandeshatu zisigaye. Kubwibyo, buri gice cyibice bitatu byingenzi bingana neza nibintu byose, ariko mubikubye kabiri, nibindi. Bitewe nibi bidasanzwe bisa, Sierpinski irashobora gutanga imirongo myinshi yumurongo kuko ibice bitandukanye bya antenne bisa nkibindi mubipimo bitandukanye. Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 2, monopole ya Sierpinski iteganijwe ikorera mu matsinda 5. Birashobora kugaragara ko buri kimwekimwe muri bitanu munsi ya gasketi (imiterere yumuzingi) mubishushanyo 2a ni verisiyo nini yimiterere yose, bityo igatanga imirongo itanu itandukanye ikora, nkuko bigaragara muri coefficient yinjiza yerekana mubishusho 2b. Igishushanyo kirerekana kandi ibipimo bifitanye isano na buri tsinda ryumurongo, harimo agaciro ka fn (1 ≤ n ≤ 5) ku giciro gito cyo gupima igihombo cyapimwe (Lr), umurongo ugereranije (Umuyoboro mugari), hamwe n’umubare uri hagati ya imirongo ibiri yegeranye (δ = fn + 1 / fn). Igicapo 2b cerekana ko imirongo ya monopole ya Sierpinski itandukanijwe mugihe kimwe na 2 (δ ≅ 2), ibyo bikaba bihuye nikintu kimwe gipima kiboneka mubintu bisa muburyo bwavunitse.

ishusho 2

Igicapo 3a cerekana antenne ntoya y'insinga ishingiye kumurongo wa Koch. Iyi antenne irasabwa kwerekana uburyo bwo gukoresha umwanya-wuzuye wimiterere yimiterere ya frake kugirango ushushanye antene nto. Mubyukuri, kugabanya ingano ya antenne niyo ntego nyamukuru yumubare munini wibisabwa, cyane cyane ibyerekeranye na terefone igendanwa. Koch monopole yaremewe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo kubaka buvunitse bwerekanwe ku gishushanyo cya 3a. Itangiriro itera K0 ni monopole igororotse. Ubutaha itera K1 iboneka mugukoresha ihinduka risa kuri K0, harimo gupima kimwe cya gatatu no kuzunguruka kuri 0 °, 60 °, −60 °, na 0 °. Iyi nzira isubirwamo muburyo bwo kubona ibintu bikurikira Ki (2 ≤ i ≤ 5). Igishushanyo cya 3a cyerekana verisiyo eshanu-itera ya Koch monopole (ni ukuvuga K5) ifite uburebure h bungana na cm 6, ariko uburebure bwose butangwa na formula l = h · (4/3) 5 = 25.3 cm. Antenne eshanu zihuye na eshanu zambere zisubiramo za Koch zagaragaye (reba Ishusho 3a). Ubushakashatsi hamwe namakuru byerekana ko monopole ya Koch ishobora kunoza imikorere ya monopole gakondo (reba Ishusho 3b). Ibi birerekana ko bishoboka ko "miniaturize" antenne zivunika, zibemerera guhuza mububiko buto mugukomeza gukora neza.

ishusho 3

Igicapo 4a cerekana antenne yamenetse ishingiye kumurongo wa Cantor, ikoreshwa mugushushanya antenne mugari mugusarura ingufu. Umutungo udasanzwe wa antenne ya fracal itangiza resonans nyinshi zegeranye zikoreshwa kugirango zitange umurongo mugari kuruta antene isanzwe. Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 1a, igishushanyo mbonera cya Cantor fraktal cyoroshye cyane: umurongo wambere ugororotse wandukuwe kandi ugabanijwemo ibice bitatu bingana, aho igice cyo hagati kivanyweho; inzira imwe noneho ikoreshwa muburyo bukoreshwa mubice bishya byakozwe. Intambwe yo gusubiramo ibice isubirwamo kugeza igihe antenne yagutse (BW) ya 0.8-22.2 GHz igerwaho (ni ukuvuga 98% BW). Igicapo ca 4 cerekana ifoto ya antenna yamenyekanye (Igicapo 4a) hamwe na coeffisente yerekana ibyinjira (Ishusho 4b).

ishusho ya 4

Igicapo 5 kiratanga ingero nyinshi za antenne zavunitse, harimo antenne ya monopole ya Hilbert ya curve, antenne ya microstrip ishingiye kuri Mandelbrot, hamwe nizinga rya Koch (cyangwa “urubura rwa shelegi”).

ishusho 5

Hanyuma, Igishushanyo cya 6 cyerekana uburyo butandukanye bwibice bigize ibice, harimo na tapi ya tapi ya tapi ya Sierpinski, imirongo ya Cantor, imirongo ya Cantor, n'ibiti bivunika. Izi gahunda ningirakamaro mukubyara gake kandi / cyangwa kugera kubikorwa byinshi.