Amakuru - Intangiriro no gutondekanya antene zimwe zisanzwe

1. Intangiriro kuri Antene
Antenne ni inzibacyuho hagati yumwanya wubusa numurongo wogukwirakwiza, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 1. Umurongo wogukwirakwiza urashobora kuba muburyo bwumurongo wa coaxial cyangwa umuyoboro wuzuye (waveguide), ukoreshwa mugukwirakwiza ingufu za electroniki ya magneti. kuri antenne, cyangwa kuva kuri antenne kugeza kubakira. Iyambere ni antenne yanduza, naho iyanyuma ni antene yakira.

Igishushanyo 1 Inzira yo gukwirakwiza ingufu za Electromagnetic (isoko-yohereza umurongo-antenne-yubusa)

Ihererekanyabubasha rya sisitemu ya antenna muburyo bwo kohereza bwa shusho ya 1 ihagarariwe na Thevenin ihwanye nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 2, aho inkomoko ihagarariwe na generator yerekana ibimenyetso byiza, umurongo wohereza ugaragazwa numurongo ufite inzitizi Zc, na antenne igereranwa numutwaro ZA [ZA = (RL + Rr) + jXA]. Kurwanya imizigo RL yerekana igihombo hamwe na dielectric igihombo kijyanye nimiterere ya antene, mugihe Rr igereranya imishwarara ya antenne, naho reaction XA ikoreshwa mugushushanya igice cyibitekerezo cyinzitizi zijyanye nimirasire ya antene. Mubihe byiza, ingufu zose zituruka kumasoko yikimenyetso zigomba kwimurwa mukurwanya imirasire Rr, ikoreshwa mukugereranya ubushobozi bwimirase ya antene. Ariko, mubikorwa bifatika, habaho igihombo cyumuyoboro-dielectric bitewe nibiranga umurongo wogukwirakwiza na antene, hamwe nigihombo cyatewe no gutekereza (kudahuza) hagati yumurongo wogukwirakwiza na antene. Urebye inzitizi yimbere yinkomoko no kwirengagiza umurongo wohereza no gutekereza (kudahuza) igihombo, imbaraga ntarengwa zitangwa kuri antenne ihuza conjugate.

Igishushanyo 2

Kubera kudahuza umurongo wogukwirakwiza na antene, umuraba wagaragajwe uva kuri interineti urengerwa nibyabaye kuva aho biva kugeza kuri antenne kugirango bibe umuraba uhagaze, ugereranya ingufu hamwe nububiko kandi ni ibikoresho bisanzwe byumvikana. Igishushanyo gisanzwe gihagaze cyerekanwa numurongo utudomo ku gishushanyo cya 2. Niba sisitemu ya antenne idakozwe neza, umurongo wohereza urashobora gukora nkibikoresho byo kubika ingufu ku rugero runini, aho kuba nk'icyuma cyifashisha ibikoresho byohereza ingufu.
Igihombo cyatewe numurongo wohereza, antenne hamwe numuraba uhagaze ntabwo wifuzwa. Igihombo cyumurongo kirashobora kugabanuka muguhitamo imirongo yohereza-igihombo gito, mugihe igihombo cya antenne gishobora kugabanuka mukugabanya kurwanya igihombo cyagaragajwe na RL mumashusho ya 2. Imiraba ihagaze irashobora kugabanuka kandi kubika ingufu kumurongo birashobora kugabanuka muguhuza inzitizi za antenne (umutwaro) hamwe nibiranga inzitizi y'umurongo.
Muri sisitemu idafite umugozi, usibye kwakira cyangwa guhererekanya ingufu, mubisanzwe antenne irasabwa kongera ingufu zumuriro mubyerekezo bimwe no guhagarika ingufu zikoreshwa mubindi byerekezo. Kubwibyo, usibye ibikoresho byo gutahura, antene igomba no gukoreshwa nkibikoresho byerekezo. Antenna irashobora kuba muburyo butandukanye kugirango ihuze ibikenewe byihariye. Irashobora kuba insinga, aperture, patch, inteko yibintu (array), icyerekezo, lens, nibindi.

Muri sisitemu yo gutumanaho idafite umugozi, antene nimwe mubice byingenzi. Igishushanyo cyiza cya antenna kirashobora kugabanya ibisabwa bya sisitemu no kunoza imikorere muri rusange. Urugero rwiza ni tereviziyo, aho kwakira amakuru bishobora gutezimbere ukoresheje antene ikora cyane. Antenne ni uburyo bwo gutumanaho amaso yumuntu.

2. Antenna Itondekanya
1. Antenna
Antenne y'insinga ni bumwe mu bwoko bwa antene bukunze kuboneka kuko buboneka hafi ya hose - imodoka, inyubako, amato, indege, icyogajuru, n'ibindi. Hariho uburyo butandukanye bwa antenne y'insinga, nk'umurongo ugororotse (dipole), loop, spiral, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 3. Antenne ya loop ntikeneye gusa kuzenguruka. Birashobora kuba urukiramende, kare, oval cyangwa ubundi buryo ubwo aribwo bwose. Antenna izenguruka niyo isanzwe kubera imiterere yoroshye.

Igishushanyo 3

2. Aperture Antenna
Antenne ya aperture igira uruhare runini kubera kwiyongera kubisabwa muburyo bukomeye bwa antene no gukoresha imirongo myinshi. Ubwoko bumwebumwe bwa antenne aperture (piramide, pine piramide, conical na urukiramende rw'amahembe antenne) irerekanwa ku gishushanyo cya 4. Ubu bwoko bwa antenne ni ingirakamaro cyane mu gukoresha indege n’ibyogajuru kuko bishobora gushyirwaho byoroshye ku gishishwa cy’indege cyangwa icyogajuru. Byongeye kandi, zirashobora gutwikirwa nigice cyibikoresho bya dielectric kugirango bibarinde ibidukikije bibi.

Igicapo 4

3. Antenna ya Microstrip
Antenna ya Microstrip yamenyekanye cyane mu myaka ya za 70, cyane cyane ikoreshwa rya satelite. Antenne igizwe na dielectric substrate hamwe nicyuma. Icyuma gishobora kugira imiterere myinshi itandukanye, kandi antenne yurukiramende yerekana ishusho ya 5 niyo isanzwe. Antenne ya Microstrip ifite umwirondoro muke, irakwiriye hejuru yumubumbe wa planari na planari, iroroshye kandi ihendutse kuyikora, ifite imbaraga nyinshi iyo ishyizwe hejuru yubutaka, kandi ihuje nigishushanyo cya MMIC. Birashobora gushirwa hejuru yindege, icyogajuru, satelite, misile, imodoka, ndetse nibikoresho bigendanwa kandi birashobora gukorwa muburyo bumwe.

Igicapo 5

4. Array Antenna
Ibiranga imirasire isabwa nibisabwa byinshi ntibishobora kugerwaho nikintu kimwe cya antenne. Imirongo ya Antenna irashobora gukora imirasire iva mubintu byashizwe hamwe kugirango itange imirasire ntarengwa mu cyerekezo kimwe cyangwa byinshi byihariye, urugero rusanzwe rwerekanwe mubishusho 6.

Igicapo 6

5. Antenna Yerekana
Intsinzi yubushakashatsi bwikirere nayo yatumye habaho iterambere ryihuse rya antenna. Bitewe no gukenera itumanaho rirerire cyane, antene yunguka cyane igomba gukoreshwa mu kohereza no kwakira ibimenyetso kuri kilometero miriyoni. Muri iyi porogaramu, antenne isanzwe ni antenne ya parabolike igaragara ku gishushanyo cya 7. Ubu bwoko bwa antene bufite umurambararo wa metero 305 cyangwa zirenga, kandi ubunini bunini burakenewe kugira ngo umuntu agere ku nyungu nyinshi zisabwa mu kohereza cyangwa kwakira ibimenyetso bya miliyoni. kilometero. Ubundi buryo bwo kumurika ni inguni yerekana, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo 7 (c).

Igicapo 7

6. Lens Antenna
Lens ikoreshwa cyane cyane mugukusanya ibyabaye bitatanye kugirango birinde gukwirakwira mubyerekezo byimirasire itifuzwa. Muguhindura neza geometrie yinzira no guhitamo ibikoresho bikwiye, barashobora guhindura uburyo butandukanye bwingufu zinyuranye mumiraba yindege. Birashobora gukoreshwa mubikorwa byinshi nka antenne ya parabolike yerekana cyane cyane kuri radiyo ndende, kandi ubunini bwabyo nuburemere biba binini cyane kuri frequency yo hasi. Lens antenne ishyirwa mubikorwa ukurikije ibikoresho byubwubatsi cyangwa imiterere ya geometrike, bimwe muribi bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 8.