Amakuru - Intangiriro n'ishyirwa mu byiciro rya antene zimwe na zimwe zisanzwe

1. Intangiriro kuri Antena
Antene ni imiterere y'impinduka hagati y'umwanya wigenga n'umurongo wo kohereza, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 1. Umurongo wo kohereza ushobora kuba mu ishusho y'umurongo wa coaxial cyangwa umuyoboro w'amazi (waveguide), ukoreshwa mu kohereza ingufu za elegitoroniki ziva ku isoko zijya kuri antene, cyangwa ziva kuri antene zijya kuri receiver. Iya mbere ni antene yo kohereza, naho iya nyuma ni antene yo kwakira.

Ishusho ya 1 Inzira yo kohereza ingufu za elegitoroniki (aho isoko rivamo umurongo w’ihererekanya ry’amashanyarazi ritagira antene)

Uburyo bwo kohereza antene mu buryo bwo kohereza bugaragara ku Ishusho ya 1 bugaragazwa n'ikigereranyo cya Thevenin nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 2, aho isoko igaragazwa n'icyuma gitanga ibimenyetso cyiza, umurongo wo kohereza ugaragazwa n'umurongo ufite impedance Zc, naho antene igaragazwa n'umutwaro ZA [ZA = (RL + Rr) + jXA]. Ubudahangarwa bw'umutwaro RL bugaragaza igihombo cyo kohereza n'amashanyarazi bifitanye isano n'imiterere ya antene, mu gihe Rr ihagarariye ubudahangarwa bw'imirasire ya antene, naho reaction XA ikoreshwa mu kwerekana igice cy'impidance gifitanye isano n'imirasire ya antene. Mu bihe byiza, ingufu zose zikomoka ku isoko y'ibimenyetso zigomba kwimurirwa kuri resistance ya radiation Rr, ikoreshwa mu kwerekana ubushobozi bw'imirasire ya antene. Ariko, mu bikorwa bifatika, hari igihombo cya conductor-dielectric giterwa n'imiterere y'umurongo wo kohereza na antene, ndetse n'igihombo giterwa no kugaragara (kutangana) hagati y'umurongo wo kohereza na antene. Urebye uburyo isoko rihagaze imbere kandi ukirengagiza umurongo w’itumanaho n’ibihombo byo kugarura urumuri (kutabana neza), imbaraga ntarengwa zihabwa antene munsi y’aho ihurira.

Igishushanyo cya 2

Kubera ko umurongo utuma ingufu zihagarara utari uhuye neza n’umurongo utuma ingufu zihagarara, umurongo utuma ingufu zihagarara uva ku isoko ujya kuri antene kugira ngo habeho umurongo uhagarara, ugaragaza imbaraga zihagije n’ububiko, kandi ni igikoresho gisanzwe gituma ingufu zihagarara. Imiterere isanzwe y’umurongo uhagarara igaragazwa n’umurongo ugaragara ku Ishusho ya 2. Iyo sisitemu ya antene idakozwe neza, umurongo utuma ingufu zihagarara ushobora gukora nk’ikintu gikomeza kubika ingufu ku rugero runini, aho kuba nk’igikoresho gitwara ingufu n’igikoresho gitwara ingufu.
Igihombo giterwa n'umurongo w'itumanaho, antene n'imiraba ihagaze ntabwo ari byiza. Igihombo giterwa n'umurongo w'itumanaho gishobora kugabanuka hatoranijwe imirongo y'itumanaho igabanya igihombo, mu gihe igihombo giterwa n'antene gishobora kugabanuka hagaburwa uburyo bwo kwirinda igihombo bugaragazwa na RL ku Ishusho ya 2. Imiraba ihagaze ishobora kugabanuka kandi kubika ingufu mu murongo bishobora kugabanuka hahujwe uburyo bwo guhuza impedance ya antene (umutwaro) n'uburyo bwo kwirinda budasanzwe bw'umurongo.
Muri sisitemu zikoresha insinga, uretse kwakira cyangwa kohereza ingufu, antene zikunze gukenerwa kugira ngo zongere ingufu zitangwa mu byerekezo bimwe na bimwe no guhagarika ingufu zitangwa mu bindi byerekezo. Kubwibyo, uretse ibikoresho byo gutahura, antene zigomba no gukoreshwa nk'ibikoresho by'icyerekezo. Antene zishobora kuba mu buryo butandukanye kugira ngo zihuze n'ibikenewe byihariye. Zishobora kuba insinga, umwobo, agace, ihuriro ry'ibintu (array), akagarura-rumuri, lensi, nibindi.

Muri sisitemu z'itumanaho zikoresha insinga, antene ni kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi cyane. Imiterere myiza ya antene ishobora kugabanya ibisabwa kuri sisitemu no kunoza imikorere ya sisitemu muri rusange. Urugero rwiza ni televiziyo, aho kwakira amajwi bishobora kunozwa hakoreshejwe antene zifite ubushobozi bwo hejuru. Antene ni sisitemu z'itumanaho nk'uko amaso ari ku bantu.

2. Gushyira Antena mu byiciro
1. Antena y'insinga
Antene z'insinga ni zimwe mu bwoko bukunze kugaragara bwa antene kuko ziboneka hafi ya hose - imodoka, inyubako, amato, indege, ibyogajuru, nibindi. Hariho imiterere itandukanye ya antene z'insinga, nko umurongo ugororotse (dipole), umuzunguruko, umuzunguruko, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 3. Antene z'insinga ntizigomba kuba uruziga gusa. Zishobora kuba urukiramende, kare, uruziga cyangwa indi miterere iyo ari yo yose. Antene ruziga niyo ikunze kugaragara cyane kubera imiterere yayo yoroshye.

Igishushanyo cya 3

2. Antena zo mu mwanya
Antene zo mu mwanya zirimo kugira uruhare runini bitewe n’ubwiyongere bw’ubwinshi bw’antene zigoye cyane ndetse no gukoresha umurongo wo hejuru. Antene zimwe na zimwe zo mu mwanya (antene za piramidi, ndende n’iz’urukiramende) zigaragara ku Ishusho ya 4. Ubu bwoko bwa antene bugira akamaro cyane mu bikorwa by’indege n’ibyogajuru kuko bishobora gushyirwa ku gisenge cy’inyuma cy’indege cyangwa icyogajuru. Byongeye kandi, zishobora gupfukwa n’urwego rw’ibikoresho bya dielectric kugira ngo birinde ibidukikije bibi.

Ishusho ya 4

3. Antene ya Microstrip
Antene za microstrip zamenyekanye cyane mu myaka ya 1970, cyane cyane mu bikorwa bya satelite. Antene igizwe n'icyuma gikoresha amashanyarazi n'icyuma gikoresha icyuma. Agace k'icyuma gashobora kugira imiterere itandukanye, kandi antene y'urukiramende igaragara ku Ishusho ya 5 niyo ikunze gukoreshwa cyane. Antene za microstrip zifite imiterere mike, zikwiriye ubuso busanzwe n'ubutari ubw'umubumbe, zoroshye kandi zihendutse kuzikora, zifite imbaraga nyinshi iyo zishyizwe ku buso bukomeye, kandi zihuye n'imiterere ya MMIC. Zishobora gushyirwa ku buso bw'indege, ibyogajuru, ibyogajuru, ibisasu bya misile, imodoka, ndetse n'ibikoresho bigendanwa kandi zishobora gushushanywa mu buryo buhuye.

Igishushanyo cya 5

4. Antena ya Array
Imiterere y'imirasire isabwa n'ibikorwa byinshi ishobora kudagerwaho n'ikintu kimwe cya antene. Antene zishobora gutuma imirasire iva mu bintu ikorwa kugira ngo itange imirasire ntarengwa mu cyerekezo kimwe cyangwa byinshi byihariye, urugero rusanzwe rugaragara ku Ishusho ya 6.

Ishusho ya 6

5. Antena yo kugarura urumuri
Intsinzi y'ubushakashatsi bw'ikirere yatumye habaho iterambere ryihuse ry'inyigisho ya antene. Bitewe n'uko hakenewe itumanaho rya kure cyane, antene zitwara amashanyarazi menshi cyane zigomba gukoreshwa mu kohereza no kwakira ibimenyetso mu birometero byinshi kure. Muri ubu buryo, ubwoko bwa antene busanzwe ni antene ya paraboliki igaragara ku Ishusho ya 7. Ubwo bwoko bwa antene bufite umurambararo wa metero 305 cyangwa zirenga, kandi ingano nini nk'iyo ni ngombwa kugira ngo hagerwe ku kwiyongera gukenewe kugira ngo hoherezwe cyangwa hahabwe ibimenyetso mu birometero byinshi kure. Ubundi bwoko bwa reflector ni reflector y'imfuruka, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 7 (c).

Ishusho ya 7

6. Antena zo mu jisho
Indorerwamo zikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gukusanya ingufu zitatanye kugira ngo zibuze gukwirakwira mu cyerekezo kidakenewe cy’imirasire. Mu guhindura neza imiterere y’indorerwamo no guhitamo ibikoresho bikwiye, zishobora guhindura ubwoko butandukanye bw’ingufu zitandukanye mu miraba y’indege. Zishobora gukoreshwa mu bikorwa byinshi nka antene zigaragaza urumuri, cyane cyane ku mibare yo hejuru, kandi ingano yazo n’uburemere bwazo biba binini cyane ku mibare yo hasi. Antene zigaragaza urumuri zishyirwa mu byiciro hakurikijwe ibikoresho byazo by’ubwubatsi cyangwa imiterere ya geometrike, zimwe muri zo zigaragazwa ku Ishusho ya 8.