Kubera ko ibikoresho bikoresha insinga bikomeje gukundwa, serivisi z'amakuru zinjiye mu gihe gishya cy'iterambere ryihuse, rizwi kandi nk'izamuka rikomeye rya serivisi z'amakuru. Kuri ubu, porogaramu nyinshi zigenda zimuka ziva kuri mudasobwa zijya ku bikoresho bikoresha insinga nka telefoni zigendanwa zoroshye gutwara no gukoresha mu gihe nyacyo, ariko iki kibazo cyanatumye umubare munini w'amakuru wiyongera cyane ndetse n'ibura ry'ubushobozi bwo gukoresha bandwidth. Dukurikije imibare, igipimo cy'amakuru ku isoko gishobora kugera kuri Gbps cyangwa ndetse na Tbps mu myaka 10 kugeza kuri 15 iri imbere. Kuri ubu, itumanaho rya THz ryageze ku gipimo cy'amakuru cya Gbps, mu gihe igipimo cy'amakuru cya Tbps kikiri mu ntangiriro z'iterambere. Inyandiko ijyanye n'ibyo igaragaza intambwe iheruka mu gipimo cy'amakuru ya Gbps hashingiwe ku mugozi wa THz kandi iteganya ko Tbps ishobora kuboneka binyuze mu gukwirakwiza amakuru hakoreshejwe polarization multiplexing. Kubwibyo, kugira ngo hongerwe igipimo cyo kohereza amakuru, igisubizo gishoboka ni ugukora umugozi mushya, ari wo mugozi wa terahertz, uri mu "gace k'ubusa" hagati ya mikoroonde n'urumuri rwa infrared. Mu nama y’Itumanaho ku Isi ya Radiocommunication (WRC-19) yabereye muri 2019, umurongo wa 275-450GHz wakoreshejwe muri serivisi zigendanwa zihoraho n’izigendanwa. Bigaragara ko sisitemu z’itumanaho zidafite umugozi za terahertz zakuruye ibitekerezo by’abashakashatsi benshi.
Imiraba ya electromagnetic ya Terahertz muri rusange isobanurwa nk'umurongo wa frequency wa 0.1-10THz (1THz = 1012Hz) ufite uburebure bwa mm 0.03-3. Dukurikije ibipimo bya IEEE, imiraba ya terahertz isobanurwa nka 0.3-10THz. Ishusho ya 1 igaragaza ko umurongo wa frequency wa terahertz uri hagati ya mikoroonde n'urumuri rwa infrared.
Ishusho ya 1 Ishusho y'icyitegererezo cy'umuyoboro w'amajwi wa THz.
Iterambere rya Terahertz Antena
Nubwo ubushakashatsi kuri terahertz bwatangiye mu kinyejana cya 19, icyo gihe ntibwigishijwe nk'urwego rwigenga. Ubushakashatsi ku mirasire ya terahertz bwibanze cyane cyane ku rukuta rwa infrared rwa kure. Kuva hagati kugeza mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 20, ni bwo abashakashatsi batangiye guteza imbere ubushakashatsi ku miraba ya milimetero kuri rukuta rwa terahertz no gukora ubushakashatsi bwihariye ku ikoranabuhanga rya terahertz.
Mu myaka ya 1980, kugaragara kw'imirasire ya terahertz byatumye ikoreshwa ry'imirasire ya terahertz muri sisitemu zifatika rishoboka. Kuva mu kinyejana cya 21, ikoranabuhanga ry'itumanaho ridafite umugozi ryateye imbere cyane, kandi icyifuzo cy'abantu cyo kumenya amakuru n'ubwiyongere bw'ibikoresho by'itumanaho byashyize imbere ibisabwa bikomeye ku muvuduko wo kohereza amakuru mu itumanaho. Kubwibyo, kimwe mu bibazo by'ikoranabuhanga ry'itumanaho mu gihe kizaza ni ugukora ku muvuduko wo hejuru wa gigabits kuri buri segonda ahantu hamwe. Mu iterambere ry'ubukungu ririho ubu, umutungo wa spectrum warushijeho kuba muke. Ariko, ibisabwa n'abantu ku bushobozi bw'itumanaho n'umuvuduko ntibigira iherezo. Ku kibazo cy'ubwinshi bw'imirasire, amasosiyete menshi akoresha ikoranabuhanga rya multi-input multi-output (MIMO) kugira ngo anonosore imikorere ya spectrum n'ubushobozi bwa sisitemu binyuze mu gukwirakwiza amakuru mu buryo bw'ikirere. Hamwe n'iterambere ry'imiyoboro ya 5G, umuvuduko wo guhuza amakuru wa buri mukoresha uzarenga Gbps, kandi urujya n'uruza rw'amakuru muri sitasiyo z'ibanze narwo ruzazamuka cyane. Kuri sisitemu zisanzwe z'itumanaho rya mililimetero, imiyoboro ya microwave ntizashobora gucunga iyi miyoboro minini y'amakuru. Byongeye kandi, bitewe n’ingaruka z’umurongo w’amakuru, intera yo kohereza amakuru ya infrared ni ngufi kandi aho ibikoresho byayo by’itumanaho biherereye ntihahinduka. Kubwibyo, imiraba ya THz, iri hagati ya mikoroonde na infrared, ishobora gukoreshwa mu kubaka sisitemu z’itumanaho zihuta cyane no kongera umuvuduko wo kohereza amakuru hakoreshejwe imiyoboro ya THz.
Imiyoboro ya Terahertz ishobora gutanga umuyoboro wagutse w'itumanaho, kandi ingano yayo y'itumanaho ingana n'inshuro 1000 z'itumanaho rya telefoni zigendanwa. Kubwibyo, gukoresha THz mu kubaka sisitemu y'itumanaho ryihuse cyane rya telefoni zigendanwa ni igisubizo cyiza ku kibazo cy'umuvuduko mwinshi w'amakuru, byakuruye ubushake bw'amatsinda menshi y'abashakashatsi n'inganda. Muri Nzeri 2017, igipimo cya mbere cya THz cy'itumanaho ryihuse IEEE 802.15.3d-2017 cyasohotse, gisobanura guhanahana amakuru hagati y'amakuru mu gipimo cyo hasi cya THz cya 252-325 GHz. Inzira y'ubudasa (PHY) y'umuyoboro ishobora kugera ku muvuduko w'amakuru wa 100 Gbps ku miyoboro itandukanye y'amakuru.
Sisitemu ya mbere y’itumanaho rya THz ya 0.12 THz yashinzwe mu 2004, naho sisitemu y’itumanaho ya THz ya 0.3 THz ishyirwa mu bikorwa mu 2013. Imbonerahamwe ya 1 igaragaza intambwe ubushakashatsi bwateye mu itumanaho rya terahertz mu Buyapani kuva mu 2004 kugeza mu 2013.
Imbonerahamwe ya 1 Iterambere ry'ubushakashatsi ku buryo bw'itumanaho rya terahertz mu Buyapani kuva mu 2004 kugeza 2013
Imiterere ya antene ya sisitemu y'itumanaho yakozwe mu 2004 yasobanuwe birambuye na Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation (NTT) mu 2005. Imiterere ya antene yatangijwe mu bihe bibiri, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 2.
Ishusho ya 2 Ishusho y'icyitegererezo cy'uburyo bw'itumanaho ridafite insinga rya NTT 120 GHz mu Buyapani
Sisitemu ihuza uburyo bwo guhindura amashanyarazi hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga (photoelectric conversion) na antene, kandi ikoresha uburyo bubiri bwo gukora:
1. Mu gihe cyo mu nzu kiri hafi cyane, icyuma gitanga amakuru cya antene gikoreshwa mu nzu kigizwe na chip ya photodiode imwe (UTC-PD), antene ifite planar slot na lens ya silicon, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 2 (a).
2. Mu hantu ho hanze hakorerwa intera ndende, kugira ngo hongere ingaruka zo gutakaza ubushobozi bwo kohereza amakuru no kumva ko ibintu bidakora neza, antene itwara amakuru igomba kugira ubushobozi bwo kwiyongera cyane. Antene isanzweho ya terahertz ikoresha lensi ya Gaussian ifite ubushobozi bwo kwiyongera burenga 50 dBi. Ihuriro ry'ihoni n'iry'ikirahure bigaragazwa ku Ishusho ya 2 (b).
Uretse guteza imbere sisitemu y'itumanaho ya 0.12 THz, NTT yanashyizeho sisitemu y'itumanaho ya 0.3THz mu 2012. Binyuze mu kunoza imikorere, igipimo cyo kohereza gishobora kugera kuri 100Gbps. Nkuko bigaragara ku mbonerahamwe ya 1, yagize uruhare runini mu iterambere ry'itumanaho rya terahertz. Ariko, ubushakashatsi buriho ubu bufite ingaruka mbi zo kuba ari inshuro nke zikoreshwa, ingano nini ndetse n'igiciro kinini.
Antene nyinshi za terahertz zikoreshwa ubu zahinduwe ziturutse kuri antene za millimetero, kandi nta dushya duke dufite muri antene za terahertz. Kubwibyo, kugira ngo kunoze imikorere ya sisitemu y'itumanaho ya terahertz, igikorwa cy'ingenzi ni ugutunganya antene za terahertz. Imbonerahamwe ya 2 igaragaza intambwe ubushakashatsi bwateye mu itumanaho rya THz ryo mu Budage. Ishusho ya 3 (a) igaragaza sisitemu y'itumanaho ya THz ikoresha insinga ihuza fotoniki n'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga. Ishusho ya 3 (b) igaragaza aho igeragezwa ry'umuyoboro w'umuyaga ribera. Ukurikije uko ubushakashatsi buhagaze mu Budage, ubushakashatsi n'iterambere byabwo bifite n'ibibi nko kuba inshuro nke z'imikorere, ikiguzi kinini n'imikorere mike.
Imbonerahamwe ya 2 Iterambere ry'ubushakashatsi ku itumanaho rya THz mu Budage
Ishusho ya 3 Aho igeragezwa ry'umuyoboro w'umuyaga ribera
Ikigo cya CSIRO ICT cyanatangije ubushakashatsi kuri sisitemu z'itumanaho zikoresha insinga za THz. Ikigo cyize ku isano iri hagati y'umwaka n'inshuro z'itumanaho, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 4. Nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 4, mu 2020, ubushakashatsi ku itumanaho rikoresha insinga bugera ku murongo wa THz. Inshuro ntarengwa z'itumanaho hakoreshejwe umuvuduko wa radiyo ziyongera inshuro icumi buri myaka makumyabiri. Ikigo cyatanze inama ku bisabwa kuri antene za THz kandi cyatanze antene zisanzwe nka amahembe n'amatara kuri sisitemu z'itumanaho za THz. Nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 5, antene ebyiri zikoresha insinga zigira 0.84THz na 1.7THz, zifite imiterere yoroshye kandi zifite imikorere myiza ya Gaussian beam.
Ishusho ya 4 Isano iri hagati y'umwaka n'inshuro
RM-BDHA818-20A
RM-DCPHA105145-20
Ishusho ya 5 Ubwoko bubiri bwa antene z'amahoni
Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zakoze ubushakashatsi bwimbitse ku ibyuka n'ivumbura ry'imiraba ya terahertz. Laboratwari zizwi cyane z'ubushakashatsi za terahertz zirimo Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC), US National Laboratory (LLNL), Ikigo cy'Igihugu gishinzwe iby'Indege n'Ibintu byo mu kirere (NASA), Ikigo cy'Igihugu gishinzwe Ubumenyi (NSF), n'ibindi. Antene nshya za terahertz zo gukoresha terahertz zakozwe, nka antene za bowtie na antene zo kuyobora frequency beam. Dukurikije iterambere rya antene za terahertz, dushobora kubona ibitekerezo bitatu by'ibanze byo gushushanya antene za terahertz muri iki gihe, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 6.
Ishusho ya 6 Ibitekerezo bitatu by'ibanze byo gushushanya antene za terahertz
Isesengura ryavuzwe haruguru rigaragaza ko nubwo ibihugu byinshi byitaye cyane kuri antene za terahertz, ziracyari mu cyiciro cya mbere cyo gushakisha no guteza imbere. Bitewe n'igihombo kinini cyo gukwirakwira no kwinjiza molekile, antene za THz akenshi zigengwa n'intera yo kohereza no gukwirakwira. Ubushakashatsi bumwe na bumwe bwibanda ku mikorere mike mu itsinda rya THz. Ubushakashatsi bwa antene za terahertz buriho bwibanze cyane ku kunoza inyungu hakoreshejwe antene za lenzi za dielectric, nibindi, no kunoza imikorere myiza y'itumanaho hakoreshejwe uburyo bukwiye. Byongeye kandi, uburyo bwo kunoza imikorere y'udupfunyika twa antene za terahertz nabwo ni ikibazo cyihutirwa cyane.
Antene rusange za THz
Hari ubwoko bwinshi bwa antene za THz ziboneka: antene za dipole zifite imiyoboro y’inyuma, antene za reflector zo mu mfuruka, antene za bowtie, antene za dielectric lens planar, antene zikora imirasire ya THz, antene za horn, antene za THz zishingiye ku bikoresho bya graphene, nibindi. Dukurikije ibikoresho byakoreshejwe mu gukora antene za THz, zishobora kugabanywamo antene z'icyuma (cyane cyane antene za horn), antene za dielectric (antene za lens), na antene nshya z'ibikoresho. Iki gice kibanza gutanga isesengura ry'ibanze ry'izi antene, hanyuma mu gice gikurikira, antene eshanu zisanzwe za THz zishyirwa ahagaragara mu buryo burambuye kandi zigasesengurwa mu buryo bwimbitse.
1. Antene z'icyuma
Antene y'ihembe ni antene isanzwe y'icyuma yagenewe gukora muri THz. Antene y'icyuma gisanzwe cyakira milimetero ni ihembe ryijimye. Antene za korrugated na dual-mode zifite ibyiza byinshi, birimo imirasire ihindagurika, kwiyongera cyane kwa 20 kugeza kuri 30 dB n'urwego ruto rwo kwambuka rwa -30 dB, hamwe n'ubushobozi bwo guhuza bwa 97% kugeza kuri 98%. Ubushobozi bw'umurambararo buboneka bwa antene ebyiri z'ihembe ni 30%-40% na 6%-8%, uko bikurikirana.
Kubera ko inshuro nyinshi z'imiraba ya terahertz ari nyinshi cyane, ingano ya antene y'ihoni ni nto cyane, bigatuma gutunganya ihoni bigorana cyane, cyane cyane mu gushushanya antene, kandi ikoranabuhanga ryo kuyitunganya rituma habaho ikiguzi kinini n'umusaruro muke. Bitewe n'ingorane mu gukora igice cyo hasi cy'igishushanyo cy'ihoni kigoye, antene yoroshye y'ihoni mu buryo bw'ihoni ifite ishusho y'ihoni cyangwa iy'ihoni isanzwe ikoreshwa, ibi bishobora kugabanya ikiguzi n'uburemere bw'imikorere, kandi imikorere y'imirasire ya antene ishobora kugumaho neza.
Indi antene y'icyuma ni antene ya piramide y'umuraba ugenda, igizwe na antene y'umuraba ugenda ushyirwa kuri filime ya dielectric ya mikoroni 1.2 kandi ihagaze mu mwobo muremure washushanyije ku gitambaro cya silikoni, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 7. Iyi antene ni imiterere ifunguye ijyanye na diode za Schottky. Bitewe n'imiterere yayo yoroshye kandi ikaba idakenewe cyane mu kuyikora, muri rusange ishobora gukoreshwa mu miyoboro y'amajwi iri hejuru ya 0.6 THz. Ariko, urwego rwa sidelobe n'urwego rwa cross-polarisation rwa antene biri hejuru, bishoboka ko biterwa n'imiterere yayo ifunguye. Kubwibyo, ubushobozi bwayo bwo guhuza ni buke (hafi 50%).
Ishusho ya 7 Antene ya piramidi y'umuraba ugenda
2. Antene ya Dielectric
Antene ya dielectric ni uruvange rw'umuyoboro wa dielectric na radiator ya antene. Binyuze mu gishushanyo mbonera gikwiye, antene ya dielectric ishobora kugera ku guhuza impedance na detector, kandi ifite ibyiza byoroshye gukora, byoroshye guhuza, kandi ihendutse. Mu myaka ya vuba aha, abashakashatsi bakoze antene nyinshi za narrowband na broadband side-fire zishobora guhuza na detectors za terahertz dielectric: antene y'ikinyugunyugu, antene ebyiri zifite ishusho ya U, antene ya log-periodic, na antene ya log-periodic sinusoidal, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 8. Byongeye kandi, imiterere y'antene igoye cyane ishobora gutegurwa binyuze mu buryo bw'imiterere y'uturemangingo.
Ishusho ya 8 Ubwoko bune bwa antene zizunguruka
Ariko, kubera ko antene ya dielectric ihujwe na substrate ya dielectric, ingaruka z'umuraba wo hejuru zizabaho iyo frequency igera kuri THz band. Iyi ngorane ikomeye izatuma antene itakaza ingufu nyinshi mu gihe cyo gukora kandi bigatera kugabanuka gukomeye mu mikorere y'imirasire ya antene. Nkuko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 9, iyo inguni y'imirasire ya antene iruta inguni yo gukata, ingufu zayo ziba zifungiye muri substrate ya dielectric kandi zihujwe n'uburyo bwa substrate.
Ishusho ya 9 Ingaruka z'umuraba w'ubuso bwa antena
Uko ubugari bw'ikibaho bugenda bwiyongera, umubare w'uburyo bwo hejuru uriyongera, kandi guhuza antene na ikibaho kuriyongera, bigatuma ingufu zigabanuka. Kugira ngo hagabanuke ingaruka z'imiraba y'ubuso, hari gahunda eshatu zo kunoza:
1) Shyira lensi kuri antene kugira ngo wongere inyungu ukoresheje imiterere y'imiraba ya electromagnetic.
2) Kugabanya ubugari bw'umubumbe kugira ngo ugabanye ikorwa ry'imiraba ya elegitoroniki yo mu rwego rwo hejuru.
3) Simbuza ibikoresho bya dielectric bya substrate ushyireho agace k'umugozi wa electromagnetic band (EBG). Imiterere y'iyungurura ry'ahantu rya EBG ishobora kugabanya uburyo bwo hejuru.
3. Antene nshya z'ibikoresho
Uretse antene ebyiri zavuzwe haruguru, hari kandi antene ya terahertz ikozwe mu bikoresho bishya. Urugero, mu 2006, Jin Hao n'abandi batanze igitekerezo cyo gukoresha antene ya dipole ya karuboni nanotube. Nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 10 (a), dipole ikozwe mu tuyoboro twa karuboni nanotube aho kuba ibikoresho by'icyuma. Yize cyane imiterere ya infrared na optique ya antene ya dipole ya karuboni nanotube anaganira ku miterere rusange ya antene ya dipole ya karuboni nanotube ifite uburebure bungana, nko kwinjira, ikwirakwizwa ry'umuyoboro, inyungu, imikorere myiza n'imiterere y'imirasire. Ishusho ya 10 (b) igaragaza isano iri hagati y'ingufu z'ingufu n'ingufu za antene ya dipole ya karuboni nanotube. Nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 10 (b), igice cy'imyumvire cy'ingufu z'ingufu gifite zeru nyinshi ku miyoboro yo hejuru. Ibi bigaragaza ko antene ishobora kugera ku miyoboro myinshi ku miyoboro itandukanye. Birumvikana ko antene ya nanotube ya karuboni igaragaza ingufu mu rugero runaka rw'ingufu (imiyoboro ya THz iri hasi), ariko ntishobora na gato kumvikana hanze y'uru rugero.
Igishushanyo cya 10 (a) Antene ya dipole ya nanotube ya karuboni. (b) Inzira y'impedansi y'injira
Mu 2012, Samir F. Mahmoud na Ayed R. AlAjmi batanze igitekerezo cy’imiterere mishya ya antene ya terahertz ishingiye kuri nanotubes za karuboni, igizwe n’umurunda wa nanotubes za karuboni zipfunyitse mu byiciro bibiri bya dielectric. Icyiciro cy’imbere cya dielectric ni urwego rwa dielectric foam, naho urwego rw’inyuma rwa dielectric ni urwego rwa metamaterial. Imiterere yihariye igaragara ku Ishusho ya 11. Binyuze mu igerageza, imikorere y’imirasire ya antene yarushijeho kuba myiza ugereranije na nanotubes za karuboni zifite urukuta rumwe.
Igishushanyo cya 11 Antene nshya ya terahertz ishingiye ku tuyoboro twa nanotube twa karuboni
Antene nshya za terahertz zavuzwe haruguru ahanini zifite imiterere itatu. Kugira ngo kunoze umurambararo wa antene no gukora antene zihuza, antene za graphene zishushanyije zakunze kwitabwaho cyane. Graphene ifite imiterere myiza cyane yo kugenzura ihoraho kandi ishobora gukora plasma yo hejuru binyuze mu guhindura voltage ya bias. Plasma yo hejuru ibaho ku buryo buhuriweho hagati ya substrates nziza za dielectric (nka Si, SiO2, nibindi) na substrates mbi za dielectric (nk'ibyuma by'agaciro, graphene, nibindi). Hari umubare munini wa "electrons zigenga" mu byuma nka metali z'agaciro na graphene. Izi electrons zigenga nazo zitwa plasma. Bitewe n'ubushobozi bw'ibanze mu byuma, izi plasma ziba ziri mu mimerere ihamye kandi ntizibangamirwa n'isi yo hanze. Iyo ingufu za electromagnetic wave zihujwe n'izi plasma, plasma zizava mu mimerere ihamye kandi zigahinda. Nyuma yo guhinduka, uburyo bwa electromagnetic bukora umuraba wa magnetic unyura ku murongo. Dukurikije ibisobanuro by'isano yo gutatanya plasma yo hejuru y'icyuma n'icyitegererezo cya Drude, ibyuma ntibishobora guhuzwa n'imiraba ya electromagnetic mu mwanya wigenga no guhindura ingufu. Ni ngombwa gukoresha ibindi bikoresho kugira ngo habeho gukurura imiraba ya plasma yo hejuru. Imiraba ya plasma yo hejuru ibora vuba mu cyerekezo kimwe cy’aho icyuma kigera. Iyo icyuma gifata icyerekezo kigororotse ku buso, habaho ingaruka ku ruhu. Birumvikana ko bitewe n’ingano nto ya antene, hari ingaruka ku ruhu mu gice cyo hejuru cy’umuyoboro, bigatuma imikorere ya antene igabanuka cyane kandi ntishobora kuzuza ibisabwa na antene za terahertz. Plamone yo hejuru ya graphene ntabwo ifite imbaraga nyinshi zo gufatanya no gutakaza bike gusa, ahubwo inashyigikira uburyo buhoraho bwo gutunganya amashanyarazi. Byongeye kandi, graphene ifite uburyo bugoye bwo gutwara amashanyarazi mu gice cya terahertz. Kubwibyo, gukwirakwiza umuyoboro buhoro bifitanye isano n’uburyo bwa plasma ku miyoboro ya terahertz. Ibi biranga bigaragaza neza ko graphene ishoboka gusimbuza ibikoresho by’icyuma mu gice cya terahertz.
Hashingiwe ku mikorere ya polarizing ya plasmones zo hejuru ya graphene, Ishusho ya 12 igaragaza ubwoko bushya bwa antene y'imirongo, kandi igaragaza imiterere y'umugozi w'imiterere y'imiraba ya plasma muri graphene. Imiterere y'umugozi wa antene ushobora guhinduka itanga uburyo bushya bwo kwiga imiterere y'imigendekere ya antene nshya za terahertz.
Igishushanyo cya 12 Antene nshya y'umurongo
Uretse gusuzuma ibice bishya bya terahertz, antene za graphene nanopatch terahertz zishobora kandi gutegurwa nk'imirongo yo kubaka sisitemu z'itumanaho za terahertz multi-input multi-output. Imiterere ya antene igaragara ku Ishusho ya 13. Hashingiwe ku miterere yihariye ya antene za graphene nanopatch, ibice bya antene bifite ingano ya mikoroni. Gushyira umwuka mu kirere mu buryo butaziguye amashusho atandukanye ya graphene ku urwego rworoshye rwa nikeli hanyuma bikayohereza kuri substrate iyo ari yo yose. Mu guhitamo umubare ukwiye w'ibice no guhindura voltage ya electrostatic bias, icyerekezo cy'imirasire gishobora guhinduka neza, bigatuma sisitemu yongera guhindurwa.
Igishushanyo cya 13 Graphene nanopatch terahertz antene akurikirana
Ubushakashatsi ku bikoresho bishya ni icyerekezo gishya. Guhanga udushya ku bikoresho byitezweho guca intege za antene zisanzwe no guteza imbere antene nshya zitandukanye, nka metamaterials zishobora guhindurwa, ibikoresho bifite imiterere ibiri (2D), nibindi. Ariko, ubu bwoko bwa antene bushingiye ahanini ku guhanga udushya ku bikoresho bishya no guteza imbere ikoranabuhanga ryo gutunganya. Uko byagenda kose, iterambere rya antene za terahertz risaba ibikoresho bishya, ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryo gutunganya n'imiterere mishya yo gushushanya kugira ngo hahuzwe n'ibikenewe ku ntene za terahertz zirushaho kunguka, ku giciro gito kandi zigakwirakwira ku bwinshi.
Ibi bikurikira bitanga amahame shingiro y'ubwoko butatu bwa antene za terahertz: antene z'icyuma, antene za dielectric na antene nshya z'ibikoresho, kandi bigasesengura itandukaniro ryazo n'ibyiza n'ibibi byazo.
1. Antene y'icyuma: Imiterere yayo ni yoroshye, yoroshye kuyitunganya, ihendutse, kandi nta gikenewe cyane ku bikoresho bya substrate. Ariko, antene z'icyuma zikoresha uburyo bwa mekanike kugira ngo zihindure aho antene iherereye, ibyo bikaba bishobora kugira amakosa. Iyo ihinduka ritagenze neza, imikorere ya antene izagabanuka cyane. Nubwo antene y'icyuma ari nto, biragoye kuyiteranya hakoreshejwe planar circuit.
2. Antene ya Dielectric: Antene ya Dielectric ifite impedance ntoya, yoroshye kuyihuza n'icyuma gipima impedance nkeya, kandi biroroshye kuyihuza n'uruziga rw'amazi. Imiterere ya geometrike ya antene za Dielectric irimo ishusho y'ikinyugunyugu, ishusho ya U ebyiri, ishusho ya logarithmic isanzwe n'imiterere ya logarithmic periodic sine. Ariko, antene za Dielectric nazo zifite inenge yica, ni ukuvuga ingaruka z'umuraba wo hejuru uterwa n'umuraba munini. Umuti ni ugushyiramo lens hanyuma ugasimbuza substrate ya Dielectric imiterere ya EBG. Ibisubizo byombi bisaba udushya no kunoza ikoranabuhanga n'ibikoresho buri gihe, ariko imikorere yabyo myiza (nk'uburyo bwose bwo kugenzura no gufunga umuraba wo hejuru) bishobora gutanga ibitekerezo bishya by'ubushakashatsi kuri antene za terahertz.
3. Antene nshya z'ibikoresho: Kuri ubu, antene nshya za dipole zikozwe muri nanotubes za karuboni n'imiterere mishya ya antene zikozwe muri metamaterials zarabonetse. Ibikoresho bishya bishobora kuzana iterambere rishya mu mikorere, ariko ishingiro ni uguhanga udushya mu bumenyi bw'ibikoresho. Kuri ubu, ubushakashatsi kuri antene nshya z'ibikoresho buracyari mu cyiciro cyo gushakisha, kandi ikoranabuhanga ry'ingenzi ryinshi ntirirakura bihagije.
Muri make, ubwoko butandukanye bwa antene za terahertz bushobora gutoranywa hakurikijwe ibisabwa mu gishushanyo:
1) Niba hakenewe igishushanyo cyoroshye n'igiciro gito cyo gukora, antene z'icyuma zishobora gutoranywa.
2) Niba hakenewe guhuza cyane no kugabanya ingufu zinjira, antene za dielectric zishobora gutoranywa.
3) Niba hakenewe iterambere mu mikorere, antene nshya zishobora gutoranywa.
Imiterere yavuzwe haruguru ishobora kandi guhindurwa hakurikijwe ibisabwa byihariye. Urugero, ubwoko bubiri bwa antene bushobora guhuzwa kugira ngo bugire inyungu nyinshi, ariko uburyo bwo guteranya n'ikoranabuhanga ryo gushushanya bigomba kuzuza ibisabwa bikomeye.
Kugira ngo umenye byinshi kuri antene, sura:
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-02-2024
