Polarization ni kimwe mu biranga antene. Tugomba kubanza gusobanukirwa polarization y'imiraba y'indege. Hanyuma dushobora kuganira ku bwoko bw'ingenzi bwa polarization y'antene.
polarisation y'umurongo
Tuzatangira gusobanukirwa uburyo umuraba wa elegitoronike w’indege utera imbere.
Umuraba wa elegitoronike uhuza imiterere y'amashanyarazi (EM) ufite imiterere myinshi. Icya mbere ni uko ingufu zigenda mu cyerekezo kimwe (nta shami ihinduka mu cyerekezo bibiri). Icya kabiri, amashanyarazi n'imbaraga za rukuruzi biragororotse kimwe kimwe kandi biragororotse kimwe kimwe. Imbaraga z'amashanyarazi n'iza rukuruzi ziragororotse kimwe kimwe ku cyerekezo cy'ikwirakwira ry'imiraba y'indege. Urugero, tekereza ku murima w'amashanyarazi ufite frequency imwe (E field) utangwa n'ikigereranyo (1). Imbaraga za elegitoronike zigenda mu cyerekezo cya + z. Imbaraga z'amashanyarazi ziyoborwa mu cyerekezo cya + x. Imbaraga za rukuruzi ziri mu cyerekezo cya + y.
Mu kigereranyo (1), reba inyandiko: . Iyi ni vekteri y'igice (vekteri y'uburebure), ivuga ko ingingo y'amashanyarazi iri mu cyerekezo cya x. Umuraba w'indege ugaragazwa ku Ishusho ya 1.
Ishusho ya 1. Ishusho y'ishusho y'umurima w'amashanyarazi ugenda mu cyerekezo cya +z.
Polarization ni ishusho y'urukurikirane n'ikwirakwizwa ry'umurima w'amashanyarazi. Urugero, tekereza ku gipimo cy'umurima w'amashanyarazi w'umuraba w'indege (1). Tuzareba aho umurima w'amashanyarazi uri (X, Y, Z) = (0,0,0) nk'uko igihe kigenda. Ubunini bw'umurima bugaragazwa ku Ishusho ya 2, mu bihe bitandukanye. Umurima urimo kuzunguruka ku muvuduko "F".
Ishusho ya 2. Reba amashanyarazi (X, Y, Z) = (0,0,0) mu bihe bitandukanye.
Umurima w'amashanyarazi ugaragara aho ukomoka, ugenda uzenguruka ugana inyuma no inyuma mu buryo bw'ubunini. Umurima w'amashanyarazi uhora uri ku murongo wa x wagaragajwe. Kubera ko umurima w'amashanyarazi uguma ku murongo umwe, uyu murima ushobora kuvugwa ko urimo umurongo ugororotse. Byongeye kandi, niba umurongo wa X uteganye n'ubutaka, uyu murima nawo usobanurwa ko urimo umurongo ugororotse. Niba umurima ugana ku murongo wa Y, umuraba ushobora kuvugwa ko urimo umurongo ugororotse.
Imiraba ifite umurongo ugororotse ntabwo ikeneye kwerekezwa ku murongo utambitse cyangwa uhagaze. Urugero, umuraba w'amashanyarazi ufite umurongo uhagaze ku murongo nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 3 nawo waba ufite umurongo ugororotse.
Ishusho ya 3. Ubunini bw'amashanyarazi bw'umuraba ugororotse ufite umurongo ugororotse, aho inzira yawo ari inguni.
Umurima w'amashanyarazi uri ku Ishusho ya 3 ushobora gusobanurwa hakoreshejwe ikigereranyo (2). Noneho hari igice cya x na y cy'umurima w'amashanyarazi. Ibice byombi bingana mu bunini.
Ikintu kimwe cyo kwitaho kuri equation (2) ni xy-component na electronic fields mu cyiciro cya kabiri. Ibi bivuze ko ibice byombi bifite amplitude imwe igihe cyose.
polarisation y'uruziga
Noneho tekereza ko ingufu z'amashanyarazi z'umuraba w'indege zitangwa hakoreshejwe ikigereranyo (3):
Muri iki gihe, ibintu bya X na Y biri hanze ya dogere 90. Iyo umurima ubonetse nka (X, Y, Z) = (0,0,0) nk'uko byari bimeze mbere, umurima w'amashanyarazi ugereranije n'umurambararo w'igihe uzagaragara nk'uko bigaragara hepfo ku Ishusho ya 4.
Ishusho ya 4. Ingufu z'amashanyarazi (X, Y, Z) = (0,0,0) EQ domaine. (3).
Umurima w'amashanyarazi uri ku Ishusho ya 4 uzenguruka mu ruziga. Ubwo bwoko bw'umurima busobanurwa nk'umuraba uzunguruka. Ku bijyanye no guzunguruka kw'uruziga, ibi bikurikira bigomba kuzuzwa:
- Igipimo ngenderwaho cyo gutandukanya uruziga
- Umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi ugomba kuba ufite ibice bibiri bigororotse (bigororotse).
- Ibice bigize amashanyarazi bigomba kugira amplitude zingana.
- Ibice bya quadrature bigomba kuba birengeje dogere 90.
Iyo ugiye kuri ecran ya Wave Figure 4, kuzenguruka kw'umurima bivugwa ko binyuranyije n'isaha naho iburyo buzunguruka buzunguruka (RHCP). Iyo umurima uzunguruka mu cyerekezo cy'isaha, umurima uzaba uzunguruka uzunguruka ukoresheje ukuboko kw'ibumoso (LHCP).
Polarization ya Elliptical
Iyo amashanyarazi afite ibice bibiri bigororotse, dogere 90 zitari mu cyiciro ariko zingana, amashanyarazi azaba afite imiterere y'urukiramende. Ukurikije amashanyarazi y'umuraba w'indege ugenda mu cyerekezo cya +z, nk'uko byasobanuwe na Equation (4):
Aho umutwe w'amashanyarazi uherereye niho hagaragazwa ku Ishusho ya 5
Ishusho ya 5. Umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi w'umuraba wa polarization utembera neza. (4).
Umurima uri ku Ishusho ya 5, ugenda mu cyerekezo kinyuranyije n'isaha, waba umeze nk'ukoresha ukuboko kw'iburyo mu gihe usohoka kuri ecran. Iyo vektori y'amashanyarazi izunguruka mu cyerekezo gitandukanye, umurima uzaba umeze nk'ukoresha ukuboko kw'ibumoso mu buryo bwa elliptic.
Byongeye kandi, polarisation y'urukiramende yerekeza ku buryo idasanzwe. Igipimo cy'uburyo idasanzwe ingana n'ubunini bw'imirongo minini n'iy'imirongo mito. Urugero, uburyo idasanzwe y'umuraba ikomoka kuri equation (4) ni 1/0.3 = 3.33. Imiraba ya polarized elliptically isobanurwa kurushaho n'icyerekezo cy'umurongo munini. Equation y'umuraba (4) ifite umurongo ugizwe ahanini na x-axis. Menya ko umurongo munini ushobora kuba ku nguni iyo ari yo yose. Inguni ntabwo ikenewe kugira ngo ihuze na X, Y cyangwa Z axis. Hanyuma, ni ngombwa kumenya ko polarization y'uruziga n'imirongo yombi ari ingero zihariye za polarization y'urukiramende. Umuraba wa 1.0 eccentric elliptically polarisation ni umuraba wa polarized circular. Imiraba ya polarized elliptically ifite ubudasa butagira ingano. Imiraba ya polarized linearly.
Polarization ya antena
Noneho ko tumaze kumenya imiterere y’amashanyarazi y’umuraba w’indege uhuza ikirere n’ikirere, uburyo antene ihuza ikirere n’ikirere bisobanurwa mu buryo bworoshye.
Polarization ya Antena Isuzuma rya antena yo mu busitani butari kure, polarization y'umurima wavuyemo. Kubwibyo, antena zikunze kugaragara nka "polarized linearly" cyangwa "antena zizunguruka z'iburyo".
Iki gitekerezo cyoroshye ni ingenzi ku itumanaho rya antene. Ubwa mbere, antene ifite polarike itambitse ntishobora kuvugana na antene ifite polarike itambitse. Bitewe n'amahame yo gusubiza hamwe, antene yohereza kandi ikakira mu buryo bumwe. Kubwibyo, antene zifite polarike zitambitse zohereza kandi zikakira imirima ifite polarike itambitse. Kubwibyo, niba ugerageje kohereza antene ifite polarike itambitse itambitse, nta kwakira kuzabaho.
Muri rusange, kuri antene ebyiri zifite umurongo ugororotse zizunguruka ugereranije n'izindi hakoreshejwe inguni ( ), igihombo cy'ingufu giterwa n'ubu buryo bwo kudahuza kw'impande kizasobanurwa na polarization loss factor (PLF):
Kubwibyo, niba antene ebyiri zifite polarization imwe, inguni iri hagati y’imiyoboro yazo ya electron irabagirana ni zeru kandi nta gihombo cy’ingufu giterwa no kudahuza kwa polarization. Iyo antene imwe ishyizwe ku ruhande rw’iburyo indi ikaba ishyizwe ku ruhande rw’ibumoso, inguni ni dogere 90, kandi nta ngufu zizahindurirwa.
ICYITONDERWA: Kwimura telefoni hejuru y'umutwe wawe mu mpande zitandukanye bisobanura impamvu uburyo bwo kwakira telefoni bushobora kwiyongera rimwe na rimwe. Antene za telefoni zigendanwa akenshi ziba zifite umurongo ugororotse, bityo kuzunguruka telefoni akenshi bishobora guhuza uburyo terefone ikora, bityo bikanoza uburyo yakira.
Polarization izunguruka ni ikintu cyifuzwa na antene nyinshi. Antene zombi zifite polarike izunguruka kandi ntizigira ikibazo cyo gutakaza ikimenyetso bitewe no kudahuza kwa polarization. Antene zikoreshwa muri sisitemu ya GPS zifite polarike izunguruka izunguruka izunguruka ikoresheje ukuboko kw'iburyo.
Noneho tekereza ko antene ifite polari igororotse yakira imiraba ifite polari igororotse. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, tekereza ko antene ifite polari igerageza kwakira imiraba ifite polari igororotse. Ni iki gituma polari itakaza?
Wibuke ko polarisation y'uruziga mu by'ukuri ari imiraba ibiri igororotse ya polarisation, dogere 90 hanze y'urwego. Kubwibyo, antene ya LP izakira gusa igice cy'urumuri rwa polarisation y'uruziga (CP). Kubwibyo, antene ya LP izaba ifite igihombo cya 0.5 (-3dB). Ibi ni ukuri uko antene ya LP yaba izungurutse kose. Kubwibyo:
Igipimo cyo gutakaza imiterere y'urumuri (Polarization loss factor) rimwe na rimwe cyitwa "polarization efficiency", "antenna mismatch factor", cyangwa "antenna reception factor". Aya mazina yose yerekeza ku gitekerezo kimwe.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-22-2023
