Dukurikije ikiganiro cyabanje, nubwo antene ziza mu buryo butandukanye, zishobora gushyirwa mu byiciro byinshi hashingiwe ku bisa.
Ukurikije uburebure bw'umurambararo: antene z'amabara yo hagati, antene z'amabara magufi, antene z'amabara magufi cyane, antene za mikoroonde...
Bitewe n'imikorere: antene zikura cyane, antene zikura neza hagati...
Ukurikije ubuyobozi: antene z'icyerekezo cyose, antene z'icyerekezo, antene z'urwego...
Binyuze mu ikoreshwa: antene zo kuri sitasiyo y'ibanze, antene za televiziyo, antene za radar, antene za radiyo...
Ukurikije imiterere: antene z'insinga,antene z'imbonerahamwe...
Ukurikije ubwoko bwa sisitemu: antene z'ikintu kimwe, urutonde rw'antene...
Uyu munsi tuzibanda ku kuganira ku ma antene yo kuri sitasiyo y'imashini.
Antene zo muri sitasiyo y'ibanze ni igice cya sisitemu ya antene zo muri sitasiyo y'ibanze kandi ni igice cy'ingenzi cya sisitemu y'itumanaho igendanwa. Antene zo muri sitasiyo y'ibanze muri rusange zigabanyijemo antene zo mu nzu n'izo hanze. Antene zo mu nzu ubusanzwe zirimo antene zo mu gisenge zigana impande zose na antene zo mu nkuta. Tuzibanda kuri antene zo hanze, nazo zigabanyijemo ubwoko bwa omnidirectional n'ubwo mu cyerekezo. Antene zo mu cyerekezo zigabanyijemo antene zo mu cyerekezo kimwe na antene zo mu cyerekezo ebyiri. Polarization ni iki? Ntugahangayike, tuzabiganiraho nyuma. Reka tubanze tuvuge kuri antene zo mu cyerekezo kimwe n'izo mu cyerekezo kimwe. Nkuko izina ribivuga, antene yo mu cyerekezo kimwe yohereza kandi yakira ibimenyetso mu byerekezo byose, mu gihe antene yo mu cyerekezo yohereza kandi yakira ibimenyetso mu cyerekezo runaka.
Antene zo hanze zireba impande zose zimeze gutya:
Mu by'ukuri ni inkoni, zimwe ni nini, izindi ni nto.
Ugereranije na antene ziyobora icyerekezo cyose, antene ziyobora icyerekezo ni zo zikoreshwa cyane mu bikorwa nyabyo.
Akenshi, isa n'aho ifite imiterere irambuye, niyo mpamvu yitwa antene y'aho ifite imiterere isanzwe.
Antene igaragara cyane cyane igizwe n'ibi bikurikira:
Igice gitanga urumuri (dipole)
Akagarurarumuri (icyuma gifasha kugarura urumuri)
Umuyoboro wo gukwirakwiza ingufu (umuyoboro wo gutanga amashanyarazi)
Gufunga no kurinda (antenna radome)
Mbere, twabonye ibyo bintu bitanga urumuri bifite imiterere idasanzwe, mu by’ukuri ari byo bintu bitanga urumuri bya antene zo kuri sitasiyo. Ese wabonye ko inguni z’ibyo bintu bitanga urumuri zikurikiza imiterere runaka: ziba mu ishusho ya "+" cyangwa "×".
Ibi nibyo twise mbere "polarisation".
Iyo imiraba ya radiyo ikwirakwira mu kirere, icyerekezo cy'amashanyarazi yayo gihinduka bitewe n'imiterere runaka; iki kintu cyitwa polarization y'imiraba ya radiyo.
Niba icyerekezo cy'amashanyarazi cy'umuraba wa electromagnetic gihagaze neza ku butaka, tucyita umuraba uhagaze neza. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, niba uhagaze neza ku butaka, ni umuraba uhagaze neza. Byongeye kandi, hari kandi ± 45° polarizations.
Byongeye kandi, icyerekezo cy'umurima w'amashanyarazi gishobora no kuba gihindagurika mu buryo bw'umwuka, ari byo byitwa umuraba uzunguruka mu buryo bwa elliptically.
Polarization ebyiri bivuze ko ibintu bibiri bya antene bihurizwa hamwe mu gice kimwe, bigakora imiraba ibiri yigenga.
Gukoresha antene zifite polari ebyiri bishobora kugabanya umubare w'antene zikenewe kugira ngo itumanaho ribeho, bikagabanya ibisabwa kugira ngo antene zishyirweho, bityo bikagabanya ishoramari, ariko bigakomeza gutuma itumanaho ribeho neza. Muri make, bitanga ibyiza byinshi.
Dukomeje ikiganiro cyacu ku bijyanye na antene z’icyerekezo cyose n’iz’icyerekezo.
Kuki antene z'icyerekezo zishobora kugenzura icyerekezo cy'imirasire y'ibimenyetso?
Reka turebe igishushanyo mbonera mbere na mbere:
Ubu bwoko bw'igishushanyo mbonera bwitwa imiterere y'imirasire ya antene.
Kubera ko ikirere gifite imiterere itatu, iyi sura iva hejuru ijya hasi n'inyuma iva imbere bitanga uburyo busobanutse kandi bworoshye bwo kureba ikwirakwizwa ry'ubukana bw'imirasire ya antene.
Ishusho iri hejuru nayo ni ishusho y'imirasire ya antene ikorwa na dipole ebyiri zigizwe n'ibice bibiri bisa n'ipine iri hasi.
Tuvuze kuri ibyo, kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi biranga antene ni urwego rwayo rw'imirasire.
Ni gute twakora kugira ngo iyi antene irusheho kurabagirana?
Igisubizo ni—kugikubita!
Ubu intera y'imirasire izaba nini cyane...
Ikibazo ni uko imirasire itagaragara kandi idafatika; ntushobora kuyibona cyangwa kuyikoraho, kandi ntushobora no kuyifotora.
Mu nyigisho ya antene, niba ushaka "kuyikubita", uburyo bwiza ni ukongera umubare w'ibintu bitanga urumuri.
Uko ibintu birushaho kurabagirana, ni ko imiterere y'imirasire irushaho kuba ndende...
Yego, ipine ryashyizwemo disiki, aho ikimenyetso cyagutse, kandi ritanga urumuri mu mpande zose, dogere 360; ni antene ifata icyerekezo cyose. Ubwo bwoko bwa antene ni bwiza cyane gukoreshwa mu bice bya kure kandi bifunguye. Ariko, mu mujyi, ubwo bwoko bwa antene biragoye gukoresha neza.
Mu mijyi, aho hari abantu benshi n'inyubako nyinshi, ubusanzwe ni ngombwa gukoresha antene zerekana icyerekezo kugira ngo zitanga amakuru ku turere runaka.
Bityo rero, tugomba "guhindura" antene iyobora impande zose.
Ubwa mbere, tugomba gushaka uburyo bwo "gukanda" uruhande rumwe rwabyo:
Twayikanda dute? Twongeramo agakoresho kagarura urumuri hanyuma tukagashyira ku ruhande rumwe. Hanyuma, dukoresha transducer nyinshi kugira ngo "twibande" ku miraba y'amajwi.
Amaherezo, imiterere y'imirasire twabonye iteye itya:
Muri iyo shusho, agace gafite ubukana bwinshi bw'imirasire kitwa agace k'ingenzi, mu gihe utundi duce dusigaye kitwa utundi duce two ku ruhande cyangwa utundi duce two ku ruhande, kandi hari n'umurizo muto inyuma witwa agace k'inyuma.
Uh, iyi miterere isa gato n'ikimera cy'intango?
Ku bijyanye n'iki "ginger" ni gute wakoresha uburyo bworoshye bwo gukwirakwiza ibimenyetso byacyo?
Kuyifata uhagaze mu muhanda ntabwo bizagufasha rwose; hari imbogamizi nyinshi cyane.
Uko uhagaze hejuru, niko ubona kure, bityo rero tugomba rwose kugera ku ntego yo kugera ku rwego rwo hejuru.
Iyo uri ahantu hirengeye, ni gute ugerageza antene imanuka? Biroroshye cyane, shyira antene hasi gusa, sibyo?
Yego, kuzunguruka antene mu gihe cyo kuyishyiraho ni bumwe mu buryo twita "kuzunguruka mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga."
Antene zigezweho zose zifite ubwo bushobozi mu gihe cyo kuzishyiraho; ukuboko kwa mashini niko kubyitaho.
Ariko kandi, kumanuka kw'imashini na byo bitera ikibazo—
Mu gihe ukoresha uburyo bwo kugabanya umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi, imiterere y'ibice bihagaze n'ibitambitse bya antene iguma uko yakabaye, bigatuma imiterere y'antene ihindagurika cyane.
Ibi ntabwo bizagenda neza, kuko byagira ingaruka ku buryo ibimenyetso bifatwa. Kubwibyo, twakoresheje ubundi buryo, aribwo gukoresha amashanyarazi mu kugabanya umuvuduko, cyangwa gukoresha ikoranabuhanga mu kugabanya umuvuduko.
Muri make, kugabanya amashanyarazi bikubiyemo kugumana inguni ifatika y'umubiri wa antene idahinduka, no guhindura urwego rw'ibintu bya antene kugira ngo bihindure imbaraga z'umurima.
Ugereranyije no kumanuka kwa mashini, antene zikoresha amashanyarazi zimanuka zigaragaza impinduka nke mu miterere yazo y'imirasire, zituma inguni zimanuka cyane, kandi igice cy'ingenzi n'igice cy'inyuma byombi byerekezwa hasi.
Birumvikana ko mu buryo bufatika, uburyo bwo kugabanya umuvuduko w’amashanyarazi n’uburyo bwo kugabanya umuvuduko w’amashanyarazi bikunze gukoreshwa hamwe.
Nyuma yo gushyiramo agace ko hasi, bisa gutya:
Muri iki gihe, urwego rw'imirasire y'ingenzi ya antene rukoreshwa neza cyane.
Ariko, ibibazo biracyariho:
1. Hari aho imirasire igaragara hagati y’agace k’ingenzi n’agace ko hasi k’uruhande, bigatuma habaho ahantu hadasobanutse muri ako gace. Ibi bikunze kwitwa "ingaruka z'igicucu".
2. Agace ko hejuru k'uruhande gafite inguni ndende, gakora ku bice biri kure cyane kandi gatuma byoroshye gutera impanuka hagati y'uturemangingo, bivuze ko ikimenyetso kizagira ingaruka ku tundi turemangingo.
Kubwibyo, tugomba kwihatira kuzuza icyuho kiri mu "bujyakuzimu bwo hasi" no kugabanya ubukana bw' "agace ko hejuru k'umutwe".
Uburyo bwihariye burimo guhindura urwego rw'umugongo no gukoresha tekiniki nko gushushanya. Ibisobanuro bya tekiniki biragoye. Niba ubyifuza, ushobora gushaka amakuru ajyanye nabyo ubwawe.
Kugira ngo umenye byinshi kuri antene, sura:
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ukuboza-04-2025
