Ubushobozi bwa antene bufitanye isano n'ingufu zitangwa kuri antene n'ingufu zitangwa na antene. Antene ikora neza cyane izatanga ingufu nyinshi zitangwa kuri antene. Antene idakora neza yinjiza ingufu nyinshi zatakaye muri antene. Antene idakora neza ishobora no kugira ingufu nyinshi zigaragara bitewe no kudahuza neza kwa impedance. Kugabanya imbaraga za antene idakora neza ugereranije na antene ikora neza kurushaho.
[Icyitonderwa: Impedance ya antena ivugwaho mu gice gikurikira. Impedance idahuye ni imbaraga zigaragara zituruka kuri antena kuko impedance ari agaciro katari ko. Kubwibyo, ibi byitwa impedance idahuye.]
Ubwoko bw'igihombo kiri muri antene ni igihombo cyo kuyobora. Igihombo cyo kuyobora giterwa n'ubushobozi bwo kuyobora bwa antene. Indi nzira yo gutakaza ni igihombo cya dielectric. Igihombo cya dielectric muri antene giterwa n'ubushobozi bwo kuyobora mu bikoresho bya dielectric. Ibikoresho bikingira bishobora kuba biri imbere cyangwa hafi ya antene.
Igipimo cy'imikorere myiza ya antene n'imbaraga za radiation gishobora kwandikwa nk'imbaraga z'inyongera za antene. Iki ni ikigereranyo [1]. Bizwi kandi nka radiation efficiency antene efficiency.
[Ikigereranyo cya 1]
Ingufu ni igipimo. Iki gipimo gihora kiri hagati ya 0 na 1. Ingufu zikunze gutangwa ku ijanisha. Urugero, ingufu za 0.5 zigera kuri 50% kimwe. Ingufu za antena nazo zikunze kuvugwa muri decibel (dB). Ingufu za 0.1 zingana na 10%. Ibi kandi bingana na decibel -10 (-10 decibel). Ingufu za 0.5 zingana na 50%. Ibi kandi bingana na decibel -3 (dB).
Igipimo cya mbere rimwe na rimwe cyitwa ubushobozi bw'imirasire ya antene. Ibi biyitandukanya n'irindi jambo rikunze gukoreshwa ryitwa ubushobozi bwose bwa antene. Ubuhanga bwose bufatika Ubuhanga bwose bw'imirasire ya antene bwikubye n'ubutakare bw'imibanire ya antene. Ubutakare bw'imibanire ya antene buba iyo antene ihujwe n'umurongo w'itumanaho cyangwa uwakira. Ibi bishobora gusobanurwa muri formula [2].
[Ikigereranyo cya 2]
formula [2]
Igihombo cy’impidansi gihora kiri hagati ya 0 na 1. Bityo rero, ubushobozi rusange bwa antene buri gihe buba buri munsi y’ubushobozi bwa radiation. Kugira ngo twongere tubisubiremo, niba nta gihombo gihari, ubushobozi bwa radiation bungana n’ubushobozi bwose bwa antene buterwa no kudahuza kwa impedansi.
Kunoza imikorere ni kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi bigena imikorere ya antene. Ishobora kuba hafi 100% iyo ikoresheje icyuma cya satelite, antene y'ihoni, cyangwa dipole y'uburebure bwa metero imwe nta kintu na kimwe gihomba kiyikikije. Antene za telefoni zigendanwa cyangwa antene z'ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga zikoreshwa n'abantu akenshi zigira ubushobozi bwa 20%-70%. Ibi bingana na -7 dB -1.5 dB (-7, -1.5 dB). Akenshi biterwa no kubura ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga n'ibikoresho bikikije antene. Ibi bikunda gufata imbaraga zimwe na zimwe zituruka ku maraso. Ingufu zihinduka ingufu z'ubushyuhe kandi nta mirasire ibaho. Ibi bigabanya imikorere ya antene. Antene za radiyo y'imodoka zishobora gukora kuri radiyo ya AM zifite ubushobozi bwa antene bwa 0.01. [Ibi ni 1% cyangwa -20 dB.] Uku kudakora neza biterwa nuko antene iba ntoya kurusha igice cy'uburebure ku maraso akoreshwa. Ibi bigabanya cyane imikorere ya antene. Amasano adafite insinga arakomeza kuko iminara y'amajwi ya AM ikoresha ingufu nyinshi zo kohereza.
Ibihombo byo kudahuza neza kw'impedance bivugwa mu gice cya Smith Chart na Impedance Matching. Guhuza Impedance bishobora kongera cyane imikorere ya antene.
Inyongera ya antena
Kongera antene mu gihe kirekire bisobanura ingano y'imbaraga zoherezwa mu cyerekezo cy'imirasire yo hejuru, ugereranije n'isotropic source. Kongera antene bikunze kuvugwa mu rupapuro rugaragaza imiterere ya antene. Kongera antene ni ingenzi kuko bishingira ku gihombo nyacyo kibaho.
Antene ifite ubwiyongere bwa 3 dB bivuze ko ingufu zakirwa na antene ari 3 dB ziruta cyane izakirwa na antene ya isotropic idatakaza ifite imbaraga zimwe zo kwinjira. 3 dB ingana n'inshuro ebyiri z'amashanyarazi.
Kuzamuka kwa antena rimwe na rimwe bivugwaho nk'uburyo bw'icyerekezo cyangwa inguni. Ariko, iyo umubare umwe ugaragaza inyungu, uwo mubare uba ari inyungu y'icyitegererezo ku byerekezo byose. "G" y'inyungu ya antena ishobora kugereranywa n'icyerekezo cya "D" cy'ubwoko bw'ejo hazaza.
[Ikigereranyo cya 3]
Inyungu ya antene nyayo, ishobora kuba hejuru nk'iya satelite nini cyane, ni 50 dB. Ubuyobozi bushobora kuba hasi ya 1.76 dB nk'iya antene nyayo (nk'iya dipole ngufi). Ubuyobozi ntibushobora kuba munsi ya 0 dB. Ariko, inyungu ya antene ishobora kuba ntoya uko ibishaka. Ibi biterwa n'igihombo cyangwa kudakora neza. Antene nto z'amashanyarazi ni antene nto zikora ku rugero rw'uburebure bw'umuvuduko antene ikoraho. Antene nto zishobora kuba zidakora neza cyane. Inyungu ya antene akenshi iba iri munsi ya -10 dB, nubwo hatabayeho kwitabwaho kutubahiriza inzitizi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-16-2023
