Abahanga mu by'ikoranabuhanga bazi ko antene zohereza kandi zikakira ibimenyetso mu buryo bw'imiraba y'ingufu za electromagnetic (EM) zisobanurwa n'ibigereranyo bya Maxwell. Kimwe n'ingingo nyinshi, ibi bigereranyo, hamwe n'uburyo electromagnetism ikwirakwira, bishobora kwigwa ku nzego zitandukanye, kuva ku magambo y'ubuziranenge kugeza ku bigereranyo bigoye.
Hari ibintu byinshi bijyanye no gukwirakwiza ingufu za elegitoronike, kimwe muri byo ni polarisation, ishobora kugira ingaruka zitandukanye cyangwa impungenge mu mikoreshereze n'imiterere ya antene zayo. Amahame shingiro ya polarisation akoreshwa ku mirasire yose ya elegitoronike, harimo RF/wireless, ingufu za optique, kandi akunze gukoreshwa mu mikoreshereze ya optique.
Polarization ya antene ni iki?
Mbere yo gusobanukirwa polarisation, tugomba kubanza gusobanukirwa amahame shingiro y'imiraba ya electromagnetic. Iyi miraba igizwe n'amashanyarazi (E fields) n'imbaraga za rukuruzi (H fields) kandi igenda mu cyerekezo kimwe. Imirima ya E na H iragororotse hagati yayo kandi igana mu cyerekezo cy'ikwirakwira ry'umuraba w'indege.
Polarization yerekeza ku ndege ya E-field ukurikije uko itangazo ribivuga: kuri polarization itambitse, ingufu z'amashanyarazi zizagenda ku ruhande mu nzira itambitse, mu gihe kuri polarization ihagaze, ingufu z'amashanyarazi zizazamuka zigamanuka mu nzira ihagaze. (Ishusho ya 1).
Ishusho ya 1: Imiraba y'ingufu za elegitoroniki igizwe n'ibice bya E na H bigororotse ku ruhande rumwe
Polarization y'umurongo n'iy'uruziga
Uburyo bwa polarization burimo ibi bikurikira:
Muri polarization y'ibanze, polarization ebyiri zishobora kubaho ziba zigororotse (zigororotse) kuri buri imwe (Ishusho ya 2). Mu by'ukuri, antene yakira polarized itambitse ntabwo "ibona" ikimenyetso kiva kuri antene ifite polarized ihagaze cyangwa ibinyuranye, nubwo byombi byaba bikora ku murongo umwe. Uko bingana neza, niko ikimenyetso kinini gifatwa, kandi ingufu zikongerwa iyo polarizations zihuye.
Ishusho ya 2: Polarisasiyo y'umurongo itanga amahitamo abiri ya polarisasiyo ku mfuruka z'iburyo zigana ku zindi
Polarization y'antene ni ubwoko bwa polarization y'umurongo. Kimwe na polarization y'ibanze itambitse n'iy'umurongo ugororotse, iyi polarization irasobanutse gusa mu bidukikije byo ku isi. Polarization y'umurongo ugororotse iba ku nguni ya dogere ± 45 ugana ku murongo w'umurongo ugororotse. Nubwo ubu ari ubundi buryo bwa polarization y'umurongo ugororotse, ijambo "linear" rikunze kuvuga gusa antene zitambitse cyangwa zihagaze.
Nubwo hari ibihombo bimwe na bimwe, ibimenyetso byoherejwe (cyangwa byakiriwe) na antene iri hagati y’amajwi birashoboka gusa iyo antene zifite imiterere itambitse cyangwa ihagaze. Antene zifite imiterere itambitse ni ingirakamaro iyo imiterere y’antene imwe cyangwa zombi itazwi cyangwa ihinduka mu gihe cyo kuyikoresha.
Polarization izunguruka (CP) iragoye cyane kuruta polarization igororotse. Muri ubu buryo, polarization igaragazwa na vector ya E field irazenguruka uko ikimenyetso gikwirakwira. Iyo izungurutse iburyo (ireba hanze y'icyuma gitanga amakuru), polarization izunguruka yitwa polarization izunguruka y'iburyo (RHCP); iyo izungurutse ibumoso, polarization izunguruka y'ibumoso (LHCP) (Ishusho ya 3)
Ishusho ya 3: Muri polarization y'uruziga, vector ya E y'umuraba wa electromagnetic irazenguruka; uku kuzenguruka gushobora kuba ukw'iburyo cyangwa ukw'ibumoso
Ikimenyetso cya CP kigizwe n'imiraba ibiri ya orthogonal itari mu cyiciro. Hari ibintu bitatu bisabwa kugira ngo hakorwe ikimenyetso cya CP. Umurima wa E ugomba kuba ugizwe n'ibice bibiri bya orthogonal; ibice bibiri bigomba kuba biri kure ya dogere 90 kandi bingana mu bunini. Uburyo bworoshye bwo gukora CP ni ugukoresha antene ya helical.
Polarization ya Elliptical (EP) ni ubwoko bwa CP. Imiraba ya Elliptically polarized ni inyungu iterwa n'imiraba ibiri ya linearly polarized, nk'imiraba ya CP. Iyo imiraba ibiri ya perpendicular linearly polarized ifite amplitudes zitangana ihujwe, umuraba wa elliptically polarized urakorwa.
Kutamenyana hagati ya antene bisobanurwa na polarization loss factor (PLF). Iyi parametre igaragazwa muri decibels (dB) kandi ni imikorere y'itandukaniro mu nguni ya polarization hagati ya antene zohereza n'izakira. Mu buryo bw'imitekerereze, PLF ishobora kuva kuri 0 dB (nta gihombo) kuri antene igororotse neza kugeza kuri dB itagira umupaka (infinite loss) kuri antene ifite orthogonal itunganye neza.
Mu by’ukuri, ariko, guhuza (cyangwa kudahuza neza) kwa polarization ntabwo ari byiza kuko aho antene iherereye, imyitwarire y’umukoresha, kugoreka kwa channel, kugaragara kwa multipath, n’ibindi bintu bishobora gutera kugoreka kwa angular k’umurima wa elegitoroniki woherejwe. Mu ntangiriro, hazabaho "kumeneka" kwa 10 - 30 dB cyangwa birenga bya signal cross-polarisation "kuva" kuri orthogonal polarization, rimwe na rimwe bishobora kuba bihagije kugira ngo bivange no kugaruka kw’ikimenyetso cyifuzwa.
Mu buryo bunyuranye, PLF nyayo kuri antene ebyiri zigororotse zifite polarization nziza ishobora kuba 10 dB, 20 dB, cyangwa irenga, bitewe n'imimerere, kandi ishobora kubangamira gukira kw'ibimenyetso. Mu yandi magambo, cross-polarisation itateganijwe na PLF bishobora gukora impande zombi mu kubangamira ikimenyetso cyifuzwa cyangwa kugabanya imbaraga z'ibimenyetso byifuzwa.
Kuki witaye kuri polarisation?
Polarization ikora mu buryo bubiri: uko antene ebyiri zigororotse kandi zifite polarization imwe, ni ko imbaraga z'ikimenyetso cyakiriwe ziba nziza. Ku rundi ruhande, polarization idakwiye igora abakira, baba bagamije cyangwa batanyuzwe, gufata ikimenyetso gishimishije bihagije. Kenshi na kenshi, "umuyoboro" uhindura polarization yoherejwe, cyangwa antene imwe cyangwa zombi ntiziba ziri mu cyerekezo gihamye.
Guhitamo uburyo bwo gukoresha polarization bikunze kugenwa n'uburyo bwo kuyishyiraho cyangwa ikirere giteye. Urugero, antene ifite polari igororotse izakora neza kandi igakomeza polariization yayo iyo ishyizwe hafi y'igisenge; ku rundi ruhande, antene ifite polari ihagaze neza izakomeza gukora neza kandi igakomeza imikorere yayo yo gutandukanya iyo ishyizwe hafi y'urukuta rwo ku ruhande.
Antene ya dipole ikoreshwa cyane (isanzwe cyangwa ifunze) irazunguruka itambitse mu cyerekezo cyayo "gisanzwe" cyo kuyishyiraho (Ishusho ya 4) kandi akenshi izunguruka dogere 90 kugira ngo ifate polarization ihagaze iyo bikenewe cyangwa kugira ngo ishyigikire uburyo bwa polarization bukundwa (Ishusho ya 5).
Ishusho ya 4: Antene ya dipole ikunze gushyirwa ku giti cyayo kugira ngo itange polarisation itambitse
Ishusho ya 5: Ku bijyanye n'ibikorwa bisaba uburinganire, antene ya dipole ishobora gushyirwaho hakurikijwe aho antene ifata
Polarization ikoreshwa cyane kuri radiyo zigendanwa zikoreshwa mu ntoki, nk'izikoreshwa n'abashinzwe gusubiza ibintu bwa mbere, kuko imiterere myinshi ya antene za radiyo zikozwe mu buryo burambuye itanga imiterere y'imirasire y'icyerekezo kimwe. Kubwibyo, antene nk'izo ntizigomba guhindurwa nubwo icyerekezo cya radiyo na antene cyahinduka.
Antene za frequency ya 3 - 30 MHz (HF) zisanzwe ziba zikozwe nk'insinga ndende zoroshye zifatanye mu buryo butambitse hagati y'udukingirizo. Uburebure bwazo bugenwa n'uburebure bw'umurambararo (metero 10 - 100). Ubwo bwoko bwa antene burangwa n'imiterere y'urukiramende mu buryo busanzwe.
Ni ngombwa kumenya ko kwita iyi bande "umuvuduko wo hejuru" byatangiye mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo ishize, ubwo 30 MHz yari umuvuduko wo hejuru. Nubwo ubu iyi mvugo isa n'aho itagikoreshwa, ni izina ryemewe n'Ishyirahamwe Mpuzamahanga ry'Itumanaho kandi riracyakoreshwa cyane.
Polarization ikundwa ishobora kugenwa mu buryo bubiri: haba gukoresha imiraba yo ku butaka kugira ngo hamenyekane neza intera ngufi hakoreshejwe ibikoresho byo gusakaza hakoreshejwe umuyoboro wa 300 kHz - 3 MHz medium wave (MW), cyangwa gukoresha imiraba yo mu kirere mu ntera ndende unyuze muri ionosphere Link. Muri rusange, antene zizunguruka mu buryo bugororotse zifite uburyo bwiza bwo gukwirakwiza umuraba wo ku butaka, mu gihe antene zizunguruka mu buryo butambitse zifite imikorere myiza y’umuraba wo mu kirere.
Polarization izunguruka ikoreshwa cyane kuri satelite kuko icyerekezo cya satelite ugereranyije na sitasiyo zo ku butaka n'izindi satelite gihora gihinduka. Ingufu hagati ya antene zo kohereza no kwakira ni nyinshi iyo zombi zizunguruka, ariko antene zizunguruka zishobora gukoreshwa na antene za CP, nubwo hari ikintu gituma polarization igabanuka.
Polarization nayo ni ingenzi kuri sisitemu za 5G. Antene zimwe na zimwe za 5G multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) zigira ubushobozi bwo kongera imikorere binyuze mu gukoresha polarization kugira ngo zikoreshe neza spectrum ihari. Ibi bigerwaho hakoreshejwe uburyo butandukanye bwo guhuza signal polarizations na multiplexing ya antene (space diversity).
Sisitemu ishobora kohereza amakuru abiri kuko amakuru ahujwe na antene zigenga kandi zishobora kugaruzwa ku giti cyazo. Nubwo habaho cross-polarisation bitewe no kugoreka inzira n'imiyoboro, kugaragara, kugwiza inzira, n'ibindi bintu bidatunganye, receiver ikoresha algorithms zihambaye kugira ngo igarure buri kimenyetso cy'umwimerere, bigatuma habaho gukemuka kwa bit error (BER) no kunoza uburyo spectrum ikoreshwa.
mu gusoza
Polarization ni umwihariko w'ingenzi wa antene ukunze kwirengagizwa. Polarization y'umurongo (harimo urwego rwo hejuru n'urutambitse), polarization y'inyuma, polarization y'uruziga na polarization y'inyuma ikoreshwa mu bikorwa bitandukanye. Ingano y'imikorere ya RF antene ishobora kugeraho iterwa n'icyerekezo cyayo n'uburyo ihagaze. Antene zisanzwe zifite polarization zitandukanye kandi zikwiriye ibice bitandukanye bya spectrum, zitanga polarization ikundwa ku ikoreshwa ry'intego.
Ibicuruzwa Bisabwa:
| RM-DPHA2030-15 | ||
| Ibipimo | Ibisanzwe | Ibice |
| Ingano y'Inshuro | 20-30 | GHz |
| Inyungu | 15 Ubwoko. | dBi |
| VSWR | 1.3 Ubwoko. | |
| Polarization | Ibiri Umurongo | |
| Isolation ya Cross Pol. | Ubwoko bwa 60. | dB |
| Gutandukanya icyambu | Ubwoko bwa 70. | dB |
| Umuhuza | Ishuri Rikuru ry'Imari n'Igenamigambi-Fimeri | |
| Ibikoresho | Al | |
| Kurangiza | Irangi | |
| Ingano(U*U*U) | 83.9*39.6*69.4(±5) | mm |
| Uburemere | 0.074 | kg |
| RM-BDHA118-10 | ||
| Ikintu | Ibisobanuro | Ishami |
| Ingano y'Inshuro | 1-18 | GHz |
| Inyungu | 10 Ubwoko. | dBi |
| VSWR | 1.5 Ubwoko. | |
| Polarization | Umurongo | |
| Isolation ya Cross Po. | Ubwoko bwa 30. | dB |
| Umuhuza | SMA-Umugore | |
| Kurangiza | Pnta | |
| Ibikoresho | Al | |
| Ingano(U*U*U) | 182.4*185.1*116.6(±5) | mm |
| Uburemere | 0.603 | kg |
| RM-CDPHA218-15 | ||
| Ibipimo | Ibisanzwe | Ibice |
| Ingano y'Inshuro | 2-18 | GHz |
| Inyungu | 15 Ubwoko. | dBi |
| VSWR | 1.5 Ubwoko. |
|
| Polarization | Ibiri Umurongo |
|
| Isolation ya Cross Pol. | 40 | dB |
| Gutandukanya icyambu | 40 | dB |
| Umuhuza | SMA-F |
|
| Ubuvuzi bw'ubuso | Pnta |
|
| Ingano(U*U*U) | 276*147*147(±5) | mm |
| Uburemere | 0.945 | kg |
| Ibikoresho | Al |
|
| Ubushyuhe bwo gukora | -40-+85 | °C |
| RM-BDPHA9395-22 | ||
| Ibipimo | Ibisanzwe | Ibice |
| Ingano y'Inshuro | 93-95 | GHz |
| Inyungu | 22 Ubwoko. | dBi |
| VSWR | 1.3 Ubwoko. |
|
| Polarization | Ibiri Umurongo |
|
| Isolation ya Cross Pol. | Ubwoko bwa 60. | dB |
| Gutandukanya icyambu | 67 Ubwoko. | dB |
| Umuhuza | WR10 |
|
| Ibikoresho | Cu |
|
| Kurangiza | Izahabu |
|
| Ingano(U*U*U) | 69.3*19.1*21.2 (±5) | mm |
| Uburemere | 0.015 | kg |
Igihe cyo kohereza: Mata-11-2024
