Iki gice kivuga ku bipimo by'imirasire y'antene, bidufasha gusobanukirwa imiterere y'imirasire.
Agace k'umurabyo
Dukurikije ibisobanuro bisanzwe: “Niba imbaraga z’imirasire P(θ,ϕ) ziguma ku gaciro kazo ntarengwa hejuru y’inguni ikomeye ΩA kandi zikaba zeru ahandi, noneho agace k’umuraba ni inguni ikomeye aho imbaraga zose zitangwa na antene zinyura.”
Umurabyo uturuka kuri antene usohokera mu nguni runaka ikomeye aho ubukana bw'imirasire ari ntarengwa. Iyi nguni ikomeye yitwa agace k'umurabyo kandi igaragazwa na ΩA.
Muri iyi nguni ikomeye ΩA, ubukana bw'imirasire P(θ,ϕ) bugomba kuba butajegajega kandi ntarengwa, na zeru ahandi. Kubwibyo, imbaraga zose zarazwe zitangwa na:
Imbaraga z'imirasire=P(θ,ϕ)⋅ΩA(watts)
Inguni y'umurabyo muri rusange yerekeza ku nguni ikomeye iri hagati y'ingufu za kimwe cya kabiri cy'agace k'ingenzi.
Imvugo y'imibare
Imiterere y'imibare y'agace k'umuraba ni:
aho inguni ikomeye inyuranye ari:
dΩ=sinθdθdϕ
Aha, Pn(θ,ϕ) ni ubukana bw'imirasire isanzwe.
• ΩA ihagarariye inguni y'umuraba ukomeye (agace k'umuraba).
• θ ni imikorere y'umwanya w'inguni.
• ϕ ni imikorere y'intera ya radial.
Ishami
Igice cy'ubuso bw'imirasire nisterodian (sr).
Uburyo bwo gukoresha imirasire neza
Dukurikije ibisobanuro bisanzwe: “Uburyo bwiza bw’umurabyo ni igipimo cy’ubuso bw’umurabyo w’umurabyo mukuru n’ubuso bwose bw’umurabyo.”
Ingufu zitangwa na antene ziterwa n'icyerekezo cyayo. Icyerekezo antene ikoreshamo imbaraga nyinshi ni cyo gifite ubushobozi bwo hejuru, mu gihe ingufu zimwe na zimwe zitakaza mu bice by'uruhande. Igipimo cy'ingufu ntarengwa zitangwa mu muyoboro mukuru n'ingufu zose zitangwa, hamwe n'igihombo gito, cyitwa ubushobozi bwo gutanga imirasire.
Imvugo y'imibare
Imvugo y'imibare yo gukoresha neza imirasire ni:
aho
•ηB ni ubushobozi bw'imirasire (butagira ingano),
• ΩMB ni inguni ikomeye (agace k'umurabyo) k'umurabyo mukuru,
• ΩA ni inguni ikomeye y'umuraba wose waranzwe.
Polarization ya Antena
Antena zishobora gushushanywa hakoreshejwe polarizasiyo zitandukanye hakurikijwe ibisabwa mu ikoreshwa, nko polarizasiyo y'umurongo cyangwa uruziga. Ubwoko bwa polarizasiyo bugena imiterere y'imirasire n'imiterere ya polarizasiyo ya antena mu gihe cyo kwakira cyangwa kohereza.
Polarization y'umurongo
Iyo umuraba wa elegitoronike woherejwe cyangwa wakiriwe, icyerekezo cyawo cyo gukwirakwira gishobora gutandukana. Antene ifite polari igororotse igumana amashanyarazi mu gice kidahinduka, bityo igashyira ingufu mu cyerekezo runaka mu gihe igabanya ibindi byerekezo. Bityo, polari igororotse ifasha kunoza icyerekezo cya antene.
Polarization y'uruziga
Mu muraba uzunguruka, vektori y'amashanyarazi izenguruka uko igihe kigenda, ibice byayo bingana mu bunini na 90° hanze y'urwego, bigatuma nta cyerekezo gihamye gihari. Polarization y'uruziga igabanya ingaruka za multipath bityo ikoreshwa cyane mu itumanaho rya satelite, nka GPS.
Polarization itambitse
Imiraba ihindagurika mu buryo butambitse ikunze kwibasirwa cyane no kugaragara kw'isi, bigatuma ibimenyetso bigabanuka, cyane cyane ku murongo uri munsi ya GHz 1. Imiraba ihindagurika mu buryo butambitse ikunze gukoreshwa mu kohereza ibimenyetso kuri televiziyo kugira ngo habeho igipimo cyiza cy'urusaku hagati y'ibimenyetso n'urusaku.
Polarization ihagaze
Imiraba ifite uburebure buke ifite uburebure buto ifite akamaro mu gukwirakwiza imiraba yo ku butaka. Ugereranyije na polarisation itambitse, imiraba ifite uburebure idakunze kugerwaho n’imiraba yo hejuru bityo ikaba ikoreshwa cyane mu itumanaho rigendanwa.
Buri bwoko bwa polarization bufite ibyiza n'imbogamizi zabwo. Abashushanya sisitemu ya RF bashobora guhitamo polarization ikwiye hakurikijwe ibisabwa na sisitemu runaka.
Kugira ngo umenye byinshi kuri antene, sura:
Igihe cyo kohereza: 24 Mata 2026
