Imirasire ni ijambo risobanura ubukana bw'imiraba ya elegitoronike yoherezwa cyangwa yakirwa na antene. Mu ishusho iyo ari yo yose ya antene, imbonerahamwe igaragaza imiterere y'imirasire ya antene izwi nk'imiterere yayo y'imirasire. Mu kwitegereza imiterere y'imirasire, umuntu ashobora gusobanukirwa imikorere n'icyerekezo cya antene. Ingufu zitangwa na antene zigira ingaruka ku turere two hafi y'ubutaka n'utwo kure.
Mu buryo bw'ibishushanyo, imirasire ishobora kugaragazwa nk'aho antene iri n'intera yayo ingana n'umurasire. Iyi mikorere y'imibare isobanura imiterere y'imirasire ya antene, ikunze kugaragazwa n'umurima w'amashanyarazi E (θ, ϕ) n'umurima w'ingufu H (θ, ϕ) mu miyoboro y'uruziga.
Ishusho y'imirasire
Ingufu zitangwa na antene zirangwa n'imiterere yayo y'imirasire. Imiterere y'imirasire ni ishusho igaragaza uburyo ingufu zitangwa mu kirere zikwirakwizwa mu buryo bw'icyerekezo. Reka turebere hamwe imiterere isanzwe y'imirasire y'ingufu.
Ishusho iri hejuru igaragaza imiterere y'imirasire ya antene ya dipole. Ingufu zitangwa zigaragazwa n'imiterere ishushanyije mu cyerekezo runaka, hamwe n'imyambi igaragaza icyerekezo cy'imirasire. Imiterere y'imirasire ishobora gushyirwa mu byiciro by'imiterere y'ubutaka cyangwa imiterere y'ingufu.
•Imiterere y'umurima ishingiye ku ngufu z'amashanyarazi na rukuruzi kandi akenshi ishushanywa ku gipimo cya logarithmic.
•Imiterere y'ingufu ikorwa n'impande kare y'ubunini bw'amashanyarazi n'imbaraga za rukuruzi kandi ikunze gushushanywa ku gipimo cya logarithmic, ni ukuvuga muri dB.
Ishusho y'imirasire ya 3D
Imiterere y'imirasire ya 3D ni imbonerahamwe ifite imiterere itatu ishushanyije mu miyoboro y'uruziga (r,θ,ϕ), aho inkomoko yayo iri hagati muri sisitemu y'imiyoboro. Igaragara nk'uko bigaragara ku ishusho iri hepfo —
Ishusho igaragaza imiterere y'imirasire ya 3D ya antene ireba impande zose, igaragaza neza imirasire itatu (x, y, z).
Ishusho y'imirasire ya 2D
Imiterere y'imirasire ya 2D irashobora kuboneka binyuze mu kugabanya imiterere ya 3D mo imiterere itambitse n'iy'ihagaze. Imiterere ibiri ivamo yitwa imiterere y'ikirere itambitse n'imiterere y'ikirere itambitse, uko bikurikirana.
Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, ishusho igaragaza imiterere y'imirasire ya antene igana mu cyerekezo kimwe mu ndege ya H na V. Indege ya H ihagarariye imiterere itambitse, mu gihe indege ya V ihagarariye imiterere ihagaze.
Imiterere y'uturemangingo tw'inyuma
Mu kwerekana imiterere y'imirasire, hakunze kugaragara imiterere itandukanye, igaragaza uturere tw'imirasire minini n'utundi duto. Utu turere dufasha gusuzuma imikorere y'imirasire ya antene. Kugira ngo usobanukirwe neza, reba ishusho iri hepfo, igaragaza imiterere y'imirasire ya antene ya dipole.
Mu miterere y'imirasire, ubusanzwe hariho agace k'ingenzi, utundi duce two ku ruhande, n'agace k'umugongo.
•Igice kinini cy'umurima urimo imirasire, ukorera ahantu hanini, cyitwa lobe nyamukuru cyangwa igiti cy'ingenzi. Aha niho ingufu nyinshi zirimo imirasire ziba zihurijwe hamwe, kandi icyerekezo cyawo kigaragaza icyerekezo cya antene.
•Ibindi bice by'imiterere y'imirasire ikwirakwizwa impande zose byitwa side lobes cyangwa minor lobes. Utu ni uturere aho ingufu zipfa ubusa.
•Byongeye kandi, hari agace k’imbere gafite aho gahuriye neza n’agace k’imbere, kazwi nka agace k’inyuma, ari na ko gafite ubwoko bw’agace k’inyuma. Ingufu nyinshi zirapfa ubusa hano.
Urugero
Iyo antene ikoreshwa muri sisitemu ya radar ikora utudomo two ku ruhande, gukurikirana intego biragorana cyane. Ibi biterwa nuko utu dudomo two ku ruhande dutanga intego zitari zo. Gutandukanya intego nyazo n'izitari zo ni ikibazo gikomeye. Kubwibyo, kugira ngo kunoze imikorere no kuzigama ingufu, utu dudomo two ku ruhande tugomba gukurwaho cyangwa gukurwaho.
Igipimo cyo gukosora
Ingufu zipfushwa ubusa muri ubu buryo zigomba gukoreshwa. Iyo izi mpande nto zishobora gukurwaho kandi izo ngufu zigashyirwa mu cyerekezo kimwe—ni ukuvuga, yerekeza ku gice cy’ingenzi—icyerekezo cya antene kiriyongera, bityo bikazamura imikorere yayo.
Ubwoko bw'Imiterere y'Imirasire
Ubwoko busanzwe bw'imiterere y'imirasire burimo:
•Ishusho y'icyerekezo cyose (nanone yitwa icyitegererezo kidashingiye ku cyerekezo): Iyi shusho ikunze kugaragara nk'ishusho ya donut mu ishusho ya 3D, mu gihe mu ishusho ya 2D ikora icyitegererezo cy'umubare wa munani.
•Ishusho y'ikaramu: Umurabyo ugaragaza imiterere ityaye kandi isa n'ikaramu y'icyerekezo.
•Ishusho y'umuheto: Umuheto ufata ishusho isa n'umuheto.
•Ishusho y'umurabyo ifite ishusho: Umurabyo utari umwe udafite ishusho isanzwe witwa ishusho y'umurabyo ifite ishusho.
Aho ubwo bwoko bwose bw'imirasire bugarukira ni imirasire ya isotropic. Nubwo imirasire ya isotropic idashobora kugaragara ku buryo bufatika, iracyari ingenzi.
Kugira ngo umenye byinshi kuri antene, sura:
Igihe cyo kohereza: 10 Mata 2026
