Antena ya Helical ni iki?
Antene yo mu bwoko bwa helix, izwi kandi nka antene ya helix, ni antene y'insinga ikorwa no kuzunguza insinga cyangwa umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi mu gitereko cy'impande eshatu. Igice kimwe cy'agatereko gisanzwe gihuzwa n'umuyoboro wo hagati w'umurongo w'amashanyarazi, mu gihe umuyoboro wo hanze uhuzwa n'icyuma cyo hasi cyangwa agakoresho k'icyuma.
Imiterere yayo yihariye yemerera antene gukora mu buryo butandukanye bw'imirasire bitewe n'isano iri hagati y'ingano ya helix n'uburebure bw'umurambararo w'urumuri.
Muri ubwo buryo,uburyo bwo guhagarara ku murongoNi ingenzi cyane muri RF na micro-engineering kuko ishobora gutanga imirasire y’icyerekezo, bandwidth yagutse, na polarisation y’uruziga. Ibi biranga bituma antene za helical zigira akamaro mu guhuza satelite, telemetri, gukurikirana, itumanaho ryo mu kirere, inyenyeri ya radiyo, n'izindi porogaramu aho icyerekezo cya antene gishobora guhinduka.
Ingano y'imikorere ya antene y'umuzunguruko ntabwo igarukira ku mugozi umwe uhamye. Ahubwo, ahanini igenwa n'ingano yayo ifatika ugereranyije n'uburebure bw'umurambararo. Imiterere ya antene y'umuzunguruko ishobora gukorerwa sisitemu za VHF na UHF ndetse no gukoresha RF na mikoroonde bifite frequency yo hejuru.
Ishusho ya 1. Urugero rwa antene zizunguruka zikoreshwa muri sisitemu y'itumanaho mu cyerekezo.
Imiterere y'ibanze ya Antena y'Umuzenguruko
Antene isanzwe ya helikopta igizwe n'ibice bine by'ingenzi:
- Umuyobozi w'ikirahure
- Agasanduku k'ubutaka cyangwa akagarurarumuri
- Aho RF ifasha mu gutanga amakuru
- Imiterere y'inkunga ya mekanike
Agace ka helix gakunze gukorwa mu nsinga z'umuringa, imiyoboro, cyangwa ikindi gikoresho gitwara amashanyarazi. Impande imwe ihujwe n'icyuma cyo hagati cy'umurongo wa coaxial transmission, mu gihe icyuma cyo hanze cya coaxial gihujwe n'amashanyarazi ku butaka.
Urugendo rwo hasi rufasha kugenzura icyerekezo cy'imirasire kandi rugakora nk'igice cy'imiterere y'antene. Mu miterere ifatika, ingano yarwo ishobora kugira ingaruka ku buryo bugaragara ku kubuza amashanyarazi, imikorere y'imbere n'inyuma, ndetse n'imiterere y'imirasire ivamo.
Ibipimo byinshi bya geometrike bigena imikorere y'amashanyarazi ya antene:
- D - Umwanya wa Helix
- C — Izenguruka ry'ihindukira rimwe
- S — Intera iri hagati y'impande zegeranye
- N — Umubare w'amajwi
- α — Inguni y'umuvuduko
- L — Uburebure bwose bw'umurongo
Umuzenguruko ni:
[C=\pi D]
Inguni y'umuvuduko ishobora kugaragazwa muri ubu buryo:
[\alpha=\tan^{-1}\ibumoso(\frac{S}{\pi D}\iburyo)]
Ibi bipimo ntibishobora kwitabwaho ku giti cyabyo kuko guhindura urwego rumwe bihindura impedance ya antene, polarization, beamwidth, gain, na frequency y'imikorere.
Ishusho ya 2. Imiterere isanzwe ya antene y'umuzenguruko ifite icyuma gitwara ikirere n'icyuma gisubiza urumuri ku butaka.
Uburyo Bubiri Bukuru bwo Gukoresha Imirasire
Kimwe mu bintu bishimishije cyane biranga antene ya helical ni uko imiterere imwe y'ibanze ishobora gutanga imirasire itandukanye cyane bitewe n'ingano yayo y'amashanyarazi.
Uburyo bubiri bukunze kuvugwaho cyane ni ubu:
- Uburyo busanzwe
- Uburyo bwo gufunga (axial)
Gusobanukirwa itandukaniro riri hagati y'ubu buryo bwombi ni ingenzi mu guhitamo cyangwa gushushanya antene ya helical.
Antena ya Helical yo mu buryo busanzwe
In uburyo busanzwe, umurambararo rusange n'intera ya helix ni bito cyane ugereranije n'uburebure bw'umurambararo.
Imirasire y’amashanyarazi iyoborwa hafi ku murongo wa helix aho kuba ku ruhande rwayo. Imyitwarire ya electromagnetic ishobora kumvikana nk'uruvange rw'imirima ikorwa na dipole ngufi y'amashanyarazi n'uruziga ruto.
Bitewe n'imiterere ya helix, inguni y'umuvuduko, imiterere y'ibiryo, n'icyerekezo cyo kureba, imiterere y'urusobe rw'ibintu ishobora kuba iri ku murongo, iy'inyuma, cyangwa mu bishushanyo bimwe na bimwe byegereye uruziga.
Udupira tw’amashanyarazi dusanzwe tuba duto, ariko ingano yatwo nto mu by’amashanyarazi ituma tudakomeza imirasire cyane. Ibi bishobora gutuma imirasire igabanuka kandi ikaba nto ugereranyije n’imiterere y’agace k’amashanyarazi.
Bityo rero, bigira akamaro iyo ingano ya antene ari imbogamizi ikomeye kandi nta kwiyongera cyane gukenewe.
Ishusho ya 3. Imiterere y'imirasire y'uburyo busanzwe bwa antene ya helikopta.
Antena ya Helical yo mu bwoko bwa Axial
Itsindauburyo bwo guhagarara ku murongo, rimwe na rimwe yitwa uburyo bwo kurangiza umuriro, ni imiterere ikunze kugaragara ifitanye isano na antene za helikopta zikora neza.
Muri ubu buryo, ingufu za elegitoronike zinyura cyane cyane ku murongo wa helix, zigakora urumuri rw'icyerekezo.
Igishushanyo gisanzwe cy’uburyo bw’umurongo ugororotse gikoresha umuzenguruko wa helix ungana n’umurambararo umwe w’uburebure:
[C \hafi \lambda]
Intera hagati y'izunguruka ikunze kuba:
[S \hafi 0.2\lambda \text{ to } 0.3\lambda]
aho hafi kimwe cya kane cy'uburebure bw'umuraba ari ho hantu hasanzwe ho gutangirira.
Ku miterere myinshi isanzwe ya axial-mode, inguni z'umuvuduko wa pitch zigera kuri 12°–14° zikunze gukoreshwa.
Mu gihe cy’imiterere ikwiye y’ubuso, imirima ikorwa n’izunguruka zikurikiranye ihurira mu buryo bw’ubwubatsi ku murongo wa helix. Ibi bitanga uruziga rw’icyerekezo hamwe n’urusobe rw’uruziga cyangwa hafi y’uruziga.
Umubare w'izunguruka na wo ugira ingaruka ku mikorere ya antene. Kongera umubare w'izunguruka muri rusange bishobora kongera icyerekezo no kwiyongera mu gihe bigabanya umurambararo w'ingenzi, nubwo imiterere ifatika igomba no kuzirikana uburebure bwa mekanike, igihombo cy'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi, guhuza impedansi, n'imbogamizi zo gushyiraho.
Ishusho ya 4. Imiterere y'imirasire ya antene ya helical ifite icyerekezo cy'umuraba w'ingenzi.
Polarization y'uruziga hagati y'ukuboko kw'iburyo n'ukw'ibumoso
Imwe mu nyungu zikomeye za antene ya helical ifite uburyo bwa axial-mode ni ubushobozi bwayo karemano bwo gukora polarization y'uruziga.
Bitewe n'icyerekezo cy'imirasire n'icyerekezo cy'imirasire, helix ishobora gukorwa kugira ngo ikore ibi bikurikira:
- RHCP — Polarization y'uruziga rw'ukuboko kw'iburyo
- LHCP — Polarization y'uruziga rw'ukuboko kw'ibumoso
Polarization y’uruziga igira akamaro cyane cyane iyo icyerekezo kiri hagati y’antene zohereza n’izakira kidashobora kuguma gihamye.
Urugero, ibyogajuru, ibyogajuru, urubuga rwo mu kirere, sisitemu zizunguruka, n'ibikoresho by'itumanaho bigendanwa bishobora guhindura icyerekezo buri gihe. Antene ifite uruziga ishobora kugabanya ubushobozi bw'itumanaho kuri ubwo buryo bwo guhindagurika kw'inguni.
Guhuza imiterere y'urumuri biracyari ingenzi. Antene ya RHCP ni byiza ko ikorana na antene ya RHCP, mu gihe antene ya LHCP ikwiye kuba ifatanye na antene ya LHCP. Imiterere y'urumuri rw'urumuri inyuranye ishobora gutera igihombo gikomeye mu miterere y'urumuri.
Ku isuzumabumenyi ry'ubwubatsi,igipimo cy'umurongo ugororotseikoreshwa cyane mu gusobanura ubwiza bw'urusobe rw'imirasire. Umuraba mwiza wuzuyemo urusobe rw'imirasire ufite igipimo cy'uruziga cya 0 dB, mu gihe antene zisanzwe zizunguruka zikunze gusuzumwa hakurikijwe igipimo cy'uruziga cyagenwe mu buryo bwifuzwa n'urwego rw'ingufu.
Ibintu bigira ingaruka ku mikorere ya Antena ya Helical
Imyitwarire ya antene y'umuzenguruko ifitanye isano rya hafi n'imiterere yayo.
Ibipimo by'ingenzi by'igishushanyo mbonera birimo:
Helix Circumference
Isano iri hagati y'uruziga n'uburebure bw'umurambararo bigira uruhare runini mu kumenya niba antene ikora mu buryo busanzwe cyangwa mu buryo bw'umurongo ugororotse.
Gutandukanya hagati y'amajwi
Intera igira ingaruka ku mibanire y’impinduka hagati y’imigezi iri ku mizunguruko yegeranye bityo ikagira ingaruka ku cyerekezo cy’imirasire, impedance, na polarization.
Inguni y'Umuvuduko
Inguni y'umuvuduko w'inguni igaragaza uburyo umuvuduko w'inguni ugenda wihuta unyuze ku murongo wayo. Ni ikintu cy'ingenzi mu gutuma imiterere y'umurongo w'inguni ikomeza.
Umubare w'Amarushanwa
Guhindukira kenshi muri rusange byongera umwobo w'amashanyarazi kandi bishobora gutanga icyerekezo cyo hejuru, ariko nanone byongera uburebure bwa antene n'ubuhanga mu mikorere.
Indege yo ku butaka
Ingano n'imiterere y'icyuma gisubiza inyuma bigira ingaruka ku miterere y'imirasire y'imbere, impedance, n'imirasire y'inyuma.
Guhuza ibiryo n'ingufu
Nubwo haba hari ingano nziza ya helix, guhuza impedance nabi bishobora kongera imbaraga zigaragara kandi bikagabanya imikorere ya antene. Bityo, imiterere ifatika igomba gusuzuma igihombo cyo kugaruka cyangwa VSWR hamwe n'imiterere y'imirasire.
Ishusho n'ubwiyongere bw'imirasire
Mu buryo bw'umurongo ugororotse, antene ikora uruziga rw'ingenzi ruherereye hafi ku murongo wa helix.
Uko uburebure bw'amashanyarazi n'umubare w'izunguruka byiyongera, umuyoboro mukuru muri rusange urushaho kuba muto kandi ubuyobozi bwa antene bukiyongera. Utudomo two ku ruhande na two dushobora kugaragara, cyane cyane mu nyubako ndende cyangwa zidakozwe neza.
Antene rero ntigomba gusuzumwa hakurikijwe inyungu gusa. Ubusanzwe injeniyeri zisuzuma ibintu byinshi hamwe:
- Inyungu
- Inyungu yabonetse
- Ubugari bw'igice cy'ingufu z'amashanyarazi
- Igipimo cy'imirongo
- VSWR cyangwa igihombo cyo kugaruza
- Igipimo cy'imbere n'inyuma
- Urwego rw'agace k'imbere
- Ubuziranenge bwa polarisation
- Ingufu mu mirasire
Uru ruvange rw'ibipimo rutanga ishusho yuzuye y'imikorere ya antene kuruta inyungu imwe y'agaciro.
Ibyiza bya Antena za Helical
Antene zo mu bwoko bwa helical zitanga inyungu nyinshi z'ingirakamaro mu buhanga:
- Imiterere yoroheje y'imashini
- Ubushobozi karemano bwo gutandukanya uruziga n'uruzunguruka mu buryo bw'umurongo
- Uburyo bw'imikorere bufite akamaro
- Imikorere myiza mu cyerekezo
- Ubunini bw'imiterere bushobora gupimwa ku ntera zitandukanye z'impinduka
- Ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya RHCP cyangwa LHCP rihindagurika
- Bikwiriye antene imwe imwe cyangwa antene imwe imwe
Imbibi z'igishushanyo
Hariho kandi ibintu byinshi byo gusuzuma:
- Imiterere y'uburyo bwa Axial ishobora gusaba uburebure bugaragara
- Ubusanzwe kwiyongera cyane bisaba ko habaho imizunguruko myinshi bityo antene ikaba ndende.
- Imikorere ishingiye cyane ku buziranenge bw'imiterere y'ijiometri
- Ibipimo by'imirasire yo ku butaka bigira ingaruka ku miterere y'imirasire
- Guhuza ibiryo bigomba kuba byateguwe neza
- Inkunga ya mekanike iba ingenzi cyane mu gihe umubare munini w'abasimburana uhinduka
- Ibyumviro bitandukanya uruziga na polarization bishobora gutera igihombo kinini cyo kudahuza kwa polarization
Porogaramu zisanzwe
Antene zo mu bwoko bwa Helical zishobora kuboneka mu buryo butandukanye bwa RF, harimo:
- Itumanaho rya satelite
- Telemetri y'ibyogajuru n'uburyo bwo gukurikirana
- Itumanaho hagati ya sitasiyo yo hasi
- Ibyerekeye inyenyeri kuri radiyo
- Sisitemu z'itumanaho zo mu kirere n'izo mu kirere
- Telemetri ya RF
- Amasano ya VHF na UHF yerekeye icyerekezo
- Gupima kure
- Gupima no gukora ubushakashatsi ku bijyanye na antena
- Igerageza rya circular-polarisation
- Isuzuma rya sisitemu y'itumanaho
Impamvu Antena za Helical ari ingenzi mu buhanga bwa RF
Antene ya helikopta ni urugero rwiza rw'uburyo imiterere y'antene igenzura imikorere ya electromagnetic.
Mu guhindura ibipimo nk'umuzenguruko, intera, inguni y'umuvuduko, n'umubare w'izunguruka, injeniyeri zishobora kuva kuri radiator ntoya yo ku ruhande rugari zijya kuri antene ifite uruziga ruzunguruka.
Iyi sano iri hagati y’imiterere y’umubiri n’imikorere y’amashanyarazi nayo ni ingenzi mu kwiga ikoranabuhanga rigezweho rya antene nka antene zizunguruka zifite imiterere y’urukiramende, antene zihuza, antene za satelite, antene zo gupima umuyoboro wa interineti, na sisitemu y’itumanaho rya mikoroonde.
RF MISO ikora antene n'ibice bya mikoroonde kugira ngo bipime RF, itumanaho, radar, gupima antene, no gushyira mu bikorwa sisitemu. Gusobanukirwa imiterere y'ingenzi ya antene nka antene ya helical bifasha injeniyeri gusuzuma neza ibipimo by'ingenzi birimo frequency range, gain, polarization, axial ratio, beamwidth, VSWR, na radiation pattern.
Kugira ngo umenye byinshi kuri antene, sura:
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-07-2026
