Antena yo mu bwoko bwa Loop ni iki?
Antene y'uruziga ikorwa binyuze mu gushyira ikintu kimwe cyangwa byinshi biyobora amashanyarazi mu nzira ifunze no kugaburira imiterere y'urumuri n'ikimenyetso cya RF. Uruziga rushobora kuba uruziga, kare, uruziga rw'impandeshatu, uruziga rw'impandeshatu, uruziga rw'impandeshatu, cyangwa se rukozwe mu bundi buryo kugira ngo ruhuze n'ibisabwa byihariye bya mekanike n'amashanyarazi.
Bitandukanye na antene isanzwe ya dipole, ifitanye isano cyane cyane n'ikintu cy'amashanyarazi, umuyoboro muto w'amashanyarazi ukora nka dipole ya rukuruzi. Imikorere yawo ifitanye isano rya hafi n'igice cy'umuyoboro wa rukuruzi w'umuraba wa electromagnetic, bigatuma antene za loop zigira akamaro cyane mu kwakira, gushaka icyerekezo, kumenya hafi y'umuyoboro, RFID, na sisitemu zo gupima electromagnetic.
Antene zizunguruka ntizigarukira ku rugero rumwe rw'umuvuduko. Inshuro zikoreshwa ziva ku muvuduko w'umuvuduko ugereranyije n'uburebure bw'umuvuduko, umubare w'izunguruka, ingano y'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi, ibice by'umuvuduko, imiterere y'umuvuduko, n'ahantu hashyirwa. Bityo, imiterere y'umuvuduko irashobora kuboneka kuva kuri sisitemu zo kwakira umuvuduko muto kugeza kuri UHF na porogaramu za mikoroonde.
Imiterere n'amahame shingiro y'imikorere
Iyo umuyoboro wa RF uzenguruka umuyoboro uyobora amashanyarazi, ukora imbaraga za rukuruzi zigera ku ruhande rw'umuyoboro. Mu kwakira, imbaraga za rukuruzi zihinduka zinyura muri uwo muyoboro zitera imbaraga za rukuruzi ku miyoboro yazo.
Imbaraga z'ikimenyetso cyakiriwe ziterwa n'ibintu byinshi:
Agace k'uruziga
Umubare w'inshuro
Inshuro zo gukora
Icyerekezo ugereranyije n'umurima ugiye kwinjiramo
Ubudahangarwa bw'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi
Gutunganya no guhuza umuyoboro
Inyubako zo kurinda n'iz'icyuma ziri hafi aho
Ku muyoboro muto w’amashanyarazi, ubunini bw’umuyoboro n’icyiciro bishobora gufatwa nk’aho bingana hafi y’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi. Uku gupima kugabanuka uko umuzenguruko wiyongera. Mu muyoboro munini w’amashanyarazi, ikwirakwizwa ry’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi rihinduka cyane hafi y’imiterere kandi rigatanga imiterere y’imirasire itandukanye n’iy’umuyoboro muto w’amashanyarazi.
Antena nto z'uruziga
Antene ntoya ifite umuzenguruko muto cyane ugereranije n'uburebure bw'umuzenguruko w'imikorere. Uburyo busanzwe bwo gupima imiterere y'ikoranabuhanga ni ubu:
C≤0.1λ
aho C ari umuzenguruko w'uruziga na λ ikaba umurambararo w'uburebure.
Kubera ko amashanyarazi yayo ari mato, urukiramende ruto muri rusange rufite ubushobozi buke bwo kurwanya imirasire. Kubwibyo, gutakaza igikoresho gishobora kuba igice kinini cy’ubushobozi bwo kurwanya imirasire yose, bigagabanya ubushobozi bwo gukoresha imirasire iyo antene ikoreshejwe mu kohereza ubutumwa.
Udukingirizo duto na two dukoresha uburyo bwinshi bwo gukurura abantu kandi akenshi dukenera capacitor yo gukosora cyangwa umuyoboro uhuza. Iyo dukoresheje uburyo bwo gukosora abantu, dushobora gutanga uburyo bwo kwakira amakuru mu buryo bw'ingirakamaro, ariko ubushobozi bwatwo bwo hejuru bushobora gutuma habaho bandwidth ntoya cyane.
Izi miterere ntizituma antene nto zikora nabi. Ahubwo, zituma zikoreshwa cyane cyane aho ingano nto, igisubizo cy’umubumbe wa rukuruzi, icyerekezo cy’amajwi, cyangwa guhitamo umurongo mugari ari ingenzi kuruta ubushobozi bwo gukoresha imirasire myinshi.
Antena nini z'uruziga
Umuzenguruko munini, rimwe na rimwe witwa umuzenguruko w’urukiramende, ufite umuzenguruko utakiri muto cyane mu buryo bw’amashanyarazi. Igishushanyo mbonera gisanzwe gikoresha umuzenguruko wegereye umuzenguruko umwe:
C≈λ
Muri iki gihe, umuriro ntuba uhwanye n'uruziga. Impinduka zawo mu bunini n'icyiciro ku murongo w'amashanyarazi, bigatuma habaho ikwirakwizwa ry'umurima rigoye cyane.
Ugereranyije n'imirongo mito ikoreshwa mu by'amashanyarazi, imirongo ihuza imirasire ubusanzwe itanga ubudahangarwa bwinshi bw'imirasire kandi ikagira ubushobozi bwo kohereza neza. Ishobora gukoreshwa nk'antene zo kohereza cyangwa kwakira, nubwo impedance yazo, polarisation yazo n'imiterere yayo y'imirasire biterwa cyane n'umuzenguruko, imiterere, aho umuyoboro w'amazi uherereye n'aho ushyirwa.
Imirongo yuzuye y’uruziga n’iy’impande zombi ni imiterere isanzwe. Umurongo wa kare ushobora koroha kuwukora no kuwushyiraho, mu gihe umurongo uzunguruka utanga imiterere yoroshye kandi ingana. Iyo byombi bifite umuzenguruko w’amashanyarazi usa, imikorere yabyo muri rusange ishobora kugereranywa, nubwo imiterere nyayo ya impedance n’imiterere y’icyitegererezo bizatandukana.
Ishusho ya 1. Ingero z'imiterere y'antene zizunguruka n'izizunguruka.
Ishusho y'imirasire
Imiterere y'imirasire y'uruziga ruto rw'amashanyarazi isa n'iya dipole nziza ya rukuruzi. Imirasire ni mike ku murongo ugororotse w'uruziga kandi ikomeye cyane mu byerekezo biri hafi y'uruziga.
Mu ngero eshatu, igishushanyo cyakozwe neza gisa na torus ikikije umurongo w'uruziga. Iyo uruziga ruto rushyizwe hejuru, igisubizo cyarwo cy'umurongo utambitse gikunze kugira ishusho ya munani, hamwe n'udupira tubiri tw'uburebure dusanzwe ku murongo w'uruziga.
Izi nulls ni ingirakamaro mu gushaka icyerekezo no gukumira ikibazo. Mu kuzunguruka antene kugeza igihe ikimenyetso cyakiriwe kigeze ku rugero ruto, umukozi ashobora kumenya umurongo w’aho ikimenyetso gituruka cyangwa kivuye.
Icyerekezo cy'igisubizo ntarengwa, uburebure bw'ubujyakuzimu n'ubujyakuzimu biterwa n'icyerekezo cy'uruziga, imiterere y'ibiryo, uburebure bw'aho bishyirwa, imiterere y'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi n'imiterere yegereye aho biherereye. Bityo rero, ubujyakuzimu ntibugomba gusobanurwa gusa hakurikijwe aho aho biryo biherereye.
Ishusho ya 2. Imiterere y'imirasire y'urukiramende rw'antene izunguruka ku mfuruka zitandukanye.
Gutunganya, Gutunganya no Guhuza Impedance
Impedance y'injira rya antene izunguruka iterwa cyane n'ingano yayo y'amashanyarazi.
Umuyoboro muto usanzwe ugaragaza uburyo bwo gukora ibintu mu buryo butuma ibintu bihinduka ndetse n'uburyo bwo kudakora imirasire myinshi. Capacitor ihinduka cyangwa idahinduka ishobora guhuzwa kugira ngo ikore uruziga rw'imirasire ku rugero rusabwa. Guhuza transformer, guhuza gamma, guhuza capacitive cyangwa imikorere ya amplifier bishobora no gukoreshwa mu guhuza antene na receiver cyangwa sisitemu ya RF ya 50-ohm.
Ku bijyanye n'uburyo bwo kohereza, gutakaza igikoresho, gutakaza capacitor ndetse n'ubushobozi bwo gucunga umuriro bisaba kwitabwaho cyane. Umuriro mwinshi uzenguruka ushobora kubaho mu buryo bugororotse nubwo imbaraga zo kwinjira zisa n'aho ziri hagati.
Uduce duto tw’urukiramende dufite ubushobozi bwo kurwanya imirasire myinshi ariko dukenera gushyira ibiryo mu mwanya ukwiye no guhindura impedansi. Gutanga ibiryo biringaniye cyangwa balun bishobora gukenerwa kugira ngo hirindwe ko insinga y’ibiryo iba igice cy’uburyo bwo gutanga imirasire.
Imiterere y'uruziga n'umubare w'izunguruka
Antene y'uruziga ntabwo igomba kuba izengurutse neza. Imirongo izengurutse, kare n'uruziga rw'inyuma ni yo ikunze kugaragara cyane kuko yoroshye kuyibara no kuyikora.
Kongeramo imiyoboro myinshi byongera ingufu zakira umuyoboro n'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi. Ariko, byongera igihombo cy'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi, ubushobozi bwo gukwirakwiza umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi n'ingaruka za self-resonance. Imiyoboro myinshi ntitanga umusaruro mwiza mu buryo bwikora.
Inkoni za Ferrite cyangwa inyuguti za rukuruzi zikunze gukoreshwa muri antene nto zakira MF na AM. Ibikoresho bya rukuruzi byibanda ku guhindagurika kwa rukuruzi mu mizingo, bigatuma imiterere mito iboneka itanga uburyo bwo kwakira ingirakamaro.
Ku murongo wo hejuru, imiyoboro yacapwe, imiyoboro ya microstrip n'imiterere ya miyoboro ihuriweho bishobora gukorwa ku mbaho za circuit za RFID, wireless sensing, terminals z'itumanaho n'ibikoresho byo gupima RF.
Ibyiza bya Antena zo mu bwoko bwa Loop
Antene zizunguruka zitanga inyungu nyinshi zifatika:
- Imiterere mito ya mekanike
- Imiterere myinshi ishoboka n'uburyo bwo kuyishyiraho
- Uburyo bwiza bwo kumenya imbaraga za rukuruzi
- Ibyerekezo byimbitse bidafite aho bibogamiye mu bishushanyo mbonera by'imirongo mito
- Bikwiriye gushaka icyerekezo no kwanga uburyo bwo kubangamira
- Guhuza byoroshye hamwe no gutunganya no gukoresha imikorere y'insinga (circuits)
- Ishobora gupimwa mu buryo bwa LF, HF, VHF, UHF na mikoroonde
Imbibi z'igishushanyo
Inzitizi z'ingenzi zirimo:
- Ubudahangarwa buke bw'imirasire mu bishushanyo mbonera bito by'amashanyarazi
- Kugabanuka k'ubushobozi bwo kohereza ubutumwa iyo igihombo cy'umuyobozi gikabije
- Umuyoboro muto w'itumanaho mu miyoboro yakozweho na Q nyinshi
- Ubushobozi bwo kumva ibintu by'icyuma biri hafi aho
- Umuvuduko n'amashanyarazi bishobora kuba byinshi cyane
- Gukenera guhuza impedance neza
- Guhindagurika kw'imiterere guterwa n'insinga zo kugaburira n'imiterere yo gushyiraho
Porogaramu zisanzwe
Antene zizunguruka zikoreshwa cyane muri:
- AM, MF, HF na zakira za shortwave
- Ibikoresho byo gushakisha icyerekezo cya radiyo
- Sisitemu z'itumanaho za RFID n'izijyanye n'aho hantu
- Ibipimo bya EMI na EMC by'umurima wa rukuruzi
- Gupima spectrum no gupima imbaraga z'umurima
- Itumanaho ryikora neza n'uburyo bw'amashanyarazi butarimo insinga
- Imbuga zo kwakira abantu zigendanwa n'izishyirwa ku modoka
- Imiyoboro ya RF na mikoroonde byacapwe
- Ubushakashatsi ku ma antena, gupima no gupima
Ku bijyanye no gupima EMI n'imbaraga z'umurima, antene zikoze mu buryo bwa calibrated loop ni ingirakamaro cyane cyane iyo igice cya rukuruzi cy'ibidukikije bya RF kigomba gusuzumwa. Muri sisitemu z'itumanaho n'igenzura, icyerekezo cyazo gishobora gufasha kugabanya ingaruka cyangwa kumenya icyerekezo cy'ikimenyetso kitazwi.
Akamaro k'Ubwubatsi
Antene zizunguruka zigaragaza uburyo ingano y'amashanyarazi, ikwirakwizwa ry'amashanyarazi, guhuza ingufu za rukuruzi n'imbaraga za impedance bigira ingaruka ku mikorere ya antene.
Umuyoboro usa n'uwo ushobora gukora nka antene ntoya ikira magnetic, sensor ya narrowband resonant, antene yuzuye cyangwa ikintu gihuza hafi y'umuyoboro, bitewe n'umuzenguruko wayo n'inshuro ikora.
RF MISO itanga ibisubizo bya antene na mikoroonde mu gupima RF, itumanaho, radar, gupima antene no guhuza sisitemu. Gusobanukirwa imiterere y'ibanze nka antene ihuza imiterere bifasha injeniyeri gusuzuma ingano y'umuvuduko, kwiyongera, polarisation, impedance, bandwidth, imikorere myiza y'imirasire n'uburyo bwo gusubiza mu cyerekezo mu gihe cyo guhitamo cyangwa guteza imbere sisitemu ya antene.
Kugira ngo umenye byinshi kuri antene, sura:
Igihe cyo kohereza: 31 Nyakanga-2026
