Antene ngufi ya dipole ni imwe mu mashusho y'ibanze akoreshwa muri teyori ya antene. Ni antene yoroheje y'insinga ifite uburebure buto cyane ugereranyije n'uburebure bw'ikimenyetso cy'imikorere. Nubwo imiterere isa n'iyoroshye cyane, dipole ngufi ni icyitegererezo cy'ingenzi cyo gusobanukirwa ikwirakwizwa ry'umuriro, imikorere y'imirasire, impedance ya antene, n'isano iri hagati y'ingano ya antene n'uburebure bw'umurambararo.
Mu buhanga bwa antene, dipole ifatwa nk' "igufi" iyo uburebure bwayo bwose buri munsi ya kimwe cya cumi cy'uburebure bw'umurambararo:
L < \frac{\lambda}{10}
Aha, (L) yerekana uburebure bwa kondakita ya dipole, na (\lambda) igaragaza uburebure bw'umurambararo ku murambararo w'imikorere. Iki gisobanuro gishingiye ku burebure bw'amashanyarazi aho kuba urwego rw'umurambararo rudahinduka. Mu yandi magambo, dipole ngufi ishobora kugaragara mu buryo bw'imitekerereze mu mirongo itandukanye y'umurambararo igihe cyose uburebure bwayo bukiri buto cyane ugereranije n'umurambararo w'umurambararo.
Kubera ko antene ari ngufi mu buryo bw'amashanyarazi, uburyo umuriro ukwirakwira ku muyoboro w'amashanyarazi utandukanye n'uko ukwirakwira ku gice cya kabiri cy'umuraba utanga urumuri bitandukanye. Muri dipole ngufi ifatika, umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi uba uri hejuru cyane hafi y'aho umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi utanga urumuri kandi ukagabanuka ugana ku mpera z'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi. Kubera ko uburebure bw'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi ari bugufi cyane ugereranije n'uburebure bw'umurambararo, antene ntikoresha ingano yayo neza cyane mu mirasire. Kubera iyo mpamvu, antene ngufi muri rusange zifite ubushobozi buke bwo kurwanya imirasire n'ubushobozi buke bw'imirasire, cyane cyane iyo harebwe igihombo cy'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi n'igihombo gihuye.
Icyitegererezo cy’inyigisho gifitanye isano ni dipole ntoya cyane. Pole ntoya cyane ni antene ifite uburebure buto cyane ugereranyije n’uburebure bw’umurambararo. Akenshi igaragazwa nka:
[\Delta l \ll \lambda]
Muri bimwe mu bikoresho byoroheje bya antene, dipole y’infinitesimal ishobora gufatwa nk’aho ifite amashanyarazi asa neza. Ibi bituma iba ingirakamaro mu isesengura ry’ibitekerezo, nubwo atari imiterere ya antene ifatika ubwayo. Abahanga mu by’imashini bakunze gukoresha dipole y’infinitesimal nk’inkingi yo gusobanukirwa ibibazo bikomeye by’imirasire ya antene.
Mu miterere nyayo ya antene, ibyuma bitanga umuvuduko cyangwa ibikoresho byo gushyiramo umuvuduko bishobora gukoreshwa mu kunoza ikwirakwizwa ry'amashanyarazi cyangwa kugabanya ingano nyayo ya sisitemu ya antene. Izi miterere zo gushyiramo umuvuduko zishobora gufasha gutuma antene ngufi y'amashanyarazi ikoreshwa neza, ariko ntabwo zihindura ukuri kw'ibanze ko dipole ngufi idakora neza kurusha antene ihindura umuvuduko nka dipole y'igice cy'umuvuduko.
Imiterere y'imirasire ya dipole ngufi isa n'iya dipole y'igice cy'umuraba. Iyo dipole ishyizwe mu buryo buhagaze, imiterere yayo y'imirasire iba hafi y'icyerekezo kimwe mu buryo butambitse. Mu buryo bw'ishusho y'ibice bibiri, imiterere ikunze kuvugwa nk'ishusho ya munani, aho imirasire ntarengwa iba igororotse ku murongo wa antene n'imirasire mike ku murongo wa antene.
Antene ngufi za dipole zikunze kuvugwaho muri sisitemu zo kwakira amajwi zifite frequency nke n’iziciriritse, aho uburebure bw’umurambararo ari burebure cyane kandi antene ifite imiterere ishobora kuba nini cyane ku buryo idashobora kubakwa. Muri ibi bihe, dipole ngufi itanga imiterere nto yo kwakira amajwi, nubwo guhuza impedance n’imikorere bigomba kwitabwaho cyane.
Mu buryo bw'ubuhanga, dipole ngufi ni ikintu kirenze ishusho y'antene yoroshye. Bifasha gusobanura impamvu uburebure bw'antene ari ingenzi, uburyo ikwirakwizwa ry'amashanyarazi rigira ingaruka ku mirasire, n'impamvu antene ntoya zikoreshwa mu by'amashanyarazi zikunze gusaba imiyoboro ihuye cyangwa tekiniki zo gushyiramo ibikoresho. Ku bahanga mu by'ikoranabuhanga rya RF na mikoroonde, gusobanukirwa dipole ngufi bitanga ishingiro ry'ingirakamaro ryo kwiga antene zikora, antene nto zikoreshwa mu by'amashanyarazi, antene zo gupima, na sisitemu zigezweho z'antene.
Kugira ngo umenye byinshi kuri antene, sura:
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kamena-26-2026
