Antene z'ihembe ni zimwe mu antene zikoreshwa cyane mu buhanga bwa mikoroonde na millimetero. Imiterere yazo yoroshye ya mekanike, imiterere y'imirasire ishoboka, urumuri ruto, hamwe n'ubushobozi bwo kugera ku ngano iri hagati kugeza kuri nyinshi bituma zigira akamaro mu gupima antene, gupima EMC, radar, sisitemu z'itumanaho, sisitemu zo gutanga amakuru, na laboratwari za RF.
Antene y'ihoni ishobora gufatwa nk'ikintuumurongo w'amazi ufite umwobo ugenda ugurumana buhoro buhoroAho kugira ngo imiraba ya elegitoronike ihure n'impinduka zitunguranye ziva ku murongo w'ingufu zijya mu mwanya wigenga, igice cyaka gitanga impinduka buhoro buhoro. Ibi bifasha kunoza guhuza impedance no kuyobora ingufu nyinshi za elegitoronike mu murasire ugenzurwa.
Bitewe n'imiterere y'umuraba n'icyerekezo aho umwobo wagutse, antene z'ihoni zishobora gushushanywa mu buryo butandukanye, harimoamahembe y'ibice, amahembe ya piramide, n'amahembe y'inyumaIngingo y'ibanze ikoresha izi imiterere itatu nk'intangiriro nyamukuru y'imiterere ya antene z'ihoni.
1. Antena y'ihembe ikora ite?
Umuyoboro w'amazi ufunga ingufu za elegitoroniki mu buryo buyobora. Iyo umuyoboro uyobowe ugeze ku mpera ifunguye, igice cy'ingufu kinyura mu mwanya wigenga, mu gihe igice gishobora kugaragara bitewe n'impinduka iri hagati y'umuyoboro w'amazi n'imipaka y'umwanya wigenga.
Antene y'ihoni igabanya ubukana bw'iyi mpinduka mu kongera buhoro buhoro igice cy'umuraba ugana ku mwobo.
Uko umuraba wa electromagnetic ukwirakwira mu gice cyaka, umurima urushaho kwaguka mu mwobo munini. Hanyuma uwo mwobo unyura mu mwanya wigenga maze ugatanga urumuri rw'icyerekezo.
Bityo rero, urumuri rufite intego ebyiri z'ingenzi:
- Itanga ihinduka ryoroshye hagati y'umurongo w'ingufu n'umwanya w'ubusa.
- Yongera uburyo urumuri rutanga urumuri neza, bigatuma habaho icyerekezo cyiza no kwiyongera.
Ni ngombwa kumenya ko ihembe rikorantibikuraho burundu urumuri cyangwa imiraba ihagazeAhubwo, ihembe ryakozwe neza rishobora kugabanya kugarura urumuri no gutanga uburyo bwiza bwo guhuza impedance, ibi bikaba bikunze kugaragara muri VSWR nkeya.
Ishusho ya 1. Antene isanzwe y'ihembe ifite umwanya ugenda ugurumana buhoro buhoro.
2. Inshuro Antena z'Amahembe zikora
Antene z'ihoni ntizigira umurongo umwe w'ingufu rusange.
Inshuro imikorere yazo iterwa ahanini n'ukoingano y'umuyoboro w'amazi, uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza umuyoboro w'amazi, imiterere y'ahantu ho gufungurira, hamwe n'umuyoboro w'amazi ugenewe.
Antene zisanzwe zikoreshwa mu gupima amajwi zikunze kugaragara cyane cyane ku miyoboro ya microwave na millimetero kuko ingano y’amajwi iba ingirakamaro uko uburebure bw’amajwi bugabanuka. Ariko, imiterere yihariye y’amajwi ya interineti ishobora no gukora ku miyoboro mito, mu gihe amajwi ya waveguide ashobora kwaguka neza mu miyoboro ya millimetero na sub-THz.
Urugero, imiterere ya antene z'amahoni iboneka kuva ku gipimo cya amagana ya megahertz kugeza hejuru ya 100 GHz. RF MISO ubu itanga uburyo bwo gushyiraho amahoni ya interineti akoresha interineti akorera kuva kuri300–750 MHz, hamwe n'antene zitwikira amahembe y'urukiramende220–325 GHz, bigaragaza uburyo ingano y'uru ruhererekane rw'amajwi y'antene ishobora kuba nini.
3. Ubwoko bw'ingenzi bwa Antena z'Amahembe
3.1 Antena y'ihembe ry'urwego
Ihembe ry’urwego rikorwa iyo umurongo w’urukiramende urimo urukiramende ugurumana mu gice kimwe gusa.
Iyo umurongo ngenderwaho w'ingufu wagutse muriIndege y'ikoranabuhanga, imiterere y'iyi nyubako yitwaIhembe ry'urwego rw'indege ya elegitoronikiIyo kwaguka kubaye muriIndege ya H, byitwaIhembe ry'urwego rwa H-plane.
Kubera ko ingano y'ubuso yiyongera mu gice kimwe gusa, imiterere y'umuraba igaragara cyane muri icyo gice gihuye.
3.2 Antena y'ihembe rya piramide
Ihembe rya piramide rikorwa iyo umurongo w'urukiramende urimo urukiramende ugurumana mu cyerekezo cya E-plane na H-plane.
Imiterere ivamo isa na piramide yagabanijwe kandi itanga uburyo bwo kwaguka mu ngano zombi.
Amahembe ya piramidi akoreshwa cyane nkaamahoni asanzwe yo gupima n'antene zigaragaza aho umuntu aherereyekuko imiterere y’ubwiyongere n’imirasire yazo ishobora kugaragazwa neza.
Urugero, RF MISO itanga antene zisanzwe zo gupima ingano y'amajwi mu miyoboro myinshi ya microwave na millimeter-wave. Umuryango wayo wa WR10 usanzwe wo gupima ingano y'amajwi urimo ubwoko bukora muri75 kugeza 110 GHz, hamwe n'ubwiyongere bwagenwe, VSWR, imiterere ya polarization na beamwidth.
3.3 Antena y'ihembe ry'urukiramende
Ihembe ry’urukiramende muri rusange rikorwa no kwagura buhoro buhoro umurongo w’uruziga ugana ku mwobo w’uruziga.
Bitandukanye n'ihembe rya piramidi, rikomoka ku murongo w'uruziga rw'urukiramende, ihembe ry'urukiramende rifite ishusho izenguruka.
Antene z'ihoni zimeze nk'inyuguti zisanzwe zikoreshwa cyane mu mikoroonde, milimetero-wave, feeding no gupima. Bitewe n'imiterere y'ibiryo n'umuyoboro wa polarization, zishobora kandi gushyigikira imiterere yihariye ya polarization.
Ishusho ya 2. Imiterere isanzwe ya antene z'ihoni: amahembe y'ihoni ya E-plane, amahembe y'ihoni ya H-plane, amahembe ya piramide n'ay'ishusho y'inyuma.
4. Inguni y'urumuri, Ingano y'icyuho n'uburebure bw'ihembe
Imiterere y'ihembe igira ingaruka zitaziguye ku mikorere yaryo ya elegitoroniki.
Ibipimo bitatu by'ingenzi by'igishushanyo mbonera ni ibi bikurikira:
inguni y'urumuri, ingano y'umwobo, n'uburebure bw'ihembe.
Umwobo munini muri rusange ushobora gutanga icyerekezo cyo hejuru n'umuraba muto, ariko kongera inguni y'urumuri ntabwo bihita bitanga imikorere myiza.
Iyo ihembe ari rigufi cyane ku buryo ridashobora kungana n'ingano y'umwobo runaka, ihinduka ryinshi ry'ibyiciro rishobora kugaragara mu mwobo wose. Ibi bigabanya imikorere y'umwobo kandi bishobora kwangiza imiterere y'imirasire.
Ku rundi ruhande, gukora ihembe rirerire cyane byongera ingano n'uburemere bya mashini bitabaye ngombwa ko bitanga umusaruro uhagije.
Igishushanyo mbonera cy'ihembe rero gikubiyemo kuringaniza:
- Ingano y'umwobo
- Inguni y'urumuri
- Uburebure
- Ikosa ry'icyiciro
- Inyungu
- Ubugari bw'umurambararo
- Ibipimo bya mekanike
5. Imiterere y'imirasire n'ibiranga imirasire
Antene z'ihoni muri rusange ni radiateri ziyobora icyerekezo.
Ingufu za elegitoroniki ziba zishyize imbere cyane cyane zinyuze mu mwobo, bigatuma habaho uruziga rw'ingenzi rusobanutse neza hamwe n'ibice byo ku ruhande.
Gukata imirasire ibiri ni ingenzi cyane:
- Imiterere y'imirasire y'indege ya elegitoroniki
- Imiterere y'imirasire ya H-plane
ItsindaUbugari bwa 3 dBikoreshwa cyane mu gusobanura ubugari bw'inguni bw'umurabyo w'ingenzi hagati y'ingingo ebyiri aho imbaraga z'imirasire zigwa munsi ya 3 dB y'agaciro kayo ntarengwa.
Muri rusange, kongera uburyo bwo gusohora neza ugereranyije n'uburebure bw'umuraba byongera icyerekezo kandi bigatera umurambararo kugabanuka.
Iyi sano ishobora no kugaragara muri antene zikora neza za milimetero-wave. Urugero, RF MISO's 75–110 GHz standard gain horns igaragaza imiterere ya E-plane na H-plane beamwidth hamwe n'amakuru ya gain na VSWR.
Ishusho ya 3. Ishusho yerekana kwaguka kw'imirasire ya elegitoroniki n'imirasire binyuze mu mwobo w'ihembe.
6. Ibyiza bya Antena z'Amahembe
Antene zo mu ihembe zitanga ibyiza byinshi kuri sisitemu ya RF na mikoroonde:
Ubuyobozi bwiza
Umwobo wagutse utuma imirasire yerekeza imbere.
Ibiranga imirasire iteganyijwe mbere y'igihe
Antene z'amahoni zakozwe neza zishobora gutanga imiterere ihamye kandi isobanutse neza ya E-plane na H-plane.
Guhuza neza impedance
Impinduka buhoro buhoro kuva ku murongo w’ingufu ujya ku mwanya wigenga bishobora kugabanya kugarura urumuri no gushyigikira VSWR nkeya.
Inyungu iri hagati kugeza kuri nyinshi
Ingano zitandukanye z'ubuso n'uburebure bw'amahembe bishobora gukorwa kugira ngo bitange urwego rutandukanye rw'ubwiyongere.
Imiterere yoroshye cyane
Ugereranyije n'imiterere myinshi igoye ya antene zikora cyane, amahoni asanzwe yoroshye kandi akomeye mu buryo bwa mekanike.
Bikwiriye gupimisha inshuro nyinshi
Imiterere yabo ishingiye ku murongo w’amajwi ituma antene z’amajwi zigira agaciro cyane muri sisitemu yo gupima imiyoboro ya microwave na millimetero.
7. Ibitekerezo ku gishushanyo n'imbogamizi
Antene z'ihoni nazo zirimo uburyo butandukanye bwo gusimbuza ubwubatsi.
Inyungu nyinshi muri rusange isaba amashanyarazi menshi, bishobora kongera ingano nyayo ya antene.
Isano iri hagati y'ingano y'umwobo, uburebure bw'ihembe n'inguni y'urumuri bigomba kandi kugenzurwa neza kugira ngo bikomeze gukwirakwira neza mu mwobo wose.
Ku murongo wo hejuru cyane, gukora neza, ubwiza bw'ubuso, ingano y'umurongo n'uburyo icyuma gifata amashusho birushaho kuba ingenzi kuko n'amakosa mato ashobora kugaragaza igice kinini cy'uburebure bw'umurambararo.
Bityo rero, abahanga mu by'injeniyeri ntibagomba gusuzuma gusa ingano y'ubwiyongere n'inshuro, ahubwo banasuzuma:
VSWR, polarisation, imikorere ya cross-polarisation, ubugari bwa beam, urwego rwa sidelobe, RF interface, power handling na mechanical tolerance.
8. Imikoreshereze ya Antena z'Ihembe
Bitewe n'imirasire y'icyerekezo cyayo, imiterere yayo ihamye kandi ihuye na sisitemu zo kuyobora umuraba, antene z'ihoni zikoreshwa cyane muri:
- Gupima inyungu ya antena
- Igipimo cy'imiterere y'imirasire
- Isuzuma rya EMC na EMI
- Sisitemu za radar
- Itumanaho rya mikoroonde n'imirongo ngenderwaho
- Isuzuma rya antene ya satelite
- Gushaka icyerekezo no kugenzura
- Igipimo cy'icyumba cya Anechoic
- Antene zitanga urumuri
- Ubushakashatsi bwa RF na sisitemu za laboratwari
- Porogaramu zo gupima no gupima antene
Imiterere y'amahoni ya Broadband ishobora kandi gutanga uburyo bwagutse bwo gukora ku buryo bwo gupima no kugenzura. Urugero, antene za RF MISO za 18–40 GHz zagenewe gukoreshwa harimo gupima mikoroonde, gupima antene, gupima antene za satelite, gushaka icyerekezo, kugenzura no gupima EMC.
Umwanzuro
Antene y'ihoni ihindura umuraba wa elegitoronike uyoborwa mo imirasire y'ikirere cyigenga binyuze mu mwobo w'umuraba ugenda wiyongera buhoro buhoro.
Uruvange rwabyo rwaguhuza neza impedance, imirasire y'icyerekezo, imiterere y'imirasire ishoboka, inyungu nziza n'ubwubatsi bworoshye.yatumye ihembe riba rimwe mu mashanyarazi y'ingenzi mu buhanga bwa mikoroonde na millimetero-wave.
Kuva ku mahembe y’ibice n’ay’amapiramidi kugeza ku miterere y’urukiramende n’iy’umurongo mugari, imiterere itandukanye ishobora kunozwa hakurikijwe ingano yihariye y’urukiramende, ibisabwa mu gupima, urwego rw’ubwiyongere n’ibidukikije byo gupima.
Ku bahanga bahitamo antene y'ihoni, ingano y'umuvuduko ni yo shingiro gusa. Ingano, VSWR, ubugari bwa beam, polarization, waveguide cyangwa coaxial interface, power handling hamwe n'ingano za mekanike byose bigomba gusuzumwa hakurikijwe ibisabwa na sisitemu yose ya RF.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Kanama-21-2026
